Adrienne Rich A Literary Pioneer For American Women...

Adrienne Rich was a literary pioneer for American women during the contemporary era. Rich’s career spanned 60 years and she is most famous for her inspirational poetry that advocated for women. As an author, wife, mother, and Jew, Rich’s work encompassed the many prejudices that women face. Wendy Martin wrote, â€Å"Her work explores the experience of women who reject patriarchal definitions of femininity† (Martin 550). Adrienne Rich’s feminist upbringing inspired her poem â€Å"Snapshots of a Daughter-In-Law,† which explored identity, sexuality, and politics to prove that women do not have to satisfy social customs to be worthy of love during the contemporary literary era that took place in the 1960s. Adrienne Rich was born in Baltimore, Maryland on May 16, 1929. Rich’s father, Arnold Rice Rich, was a pathologist. Her mother, Helen Elizabeth Rice was a concert pianist and composer. Arnold Rich is credited for encouraging Adrienne Rich to explore and pursue her career as a professional author. At a young age, Adrienne Rich often read the works of Victorian authors: Tennyenson, Keats, Arnold, Blake, Rossetti, Swinburne, Carlyle, and Pater (Martin 552). Adrienne Rich graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Radcliffe College in 1951. Soon after, Adrienne Rich published A Change of World, a collection that was chosen for the Yale Younger Poets series. From 1952 to 1953, Rich spent time in Europe and England on a Guggenheim fellowship. Adrienne married Harvard economist, Alfred H. Conrad, in 1953.

The Plan Of An Old French Word Budget Essay - 2553 Words

The word â€Å"budget† is derived from an old French word â€Å"bougette†, which has the meaning of that of purse (The Guardian, 2004). It is also defined as â€Å"the quantitative expression of a plan of action and an aid to the coordination and implementation of the plan† (Bhimani et al., 2013). These days, budget is essentially used in almost every organization as an aid of measurements when setting the organization’s objectives and targets. Its use has allowed managers to bring about the objectives of the business in quantitative terms, usually on an annual basis, with a financial means of expression. Budgetary control on the other hand, is narrated as â€Å"a system of management control in which actual income and spending are compared with planned income and spending, so that you can see if plans are being followed and if those plans need to be changed in order to make a profit† (Financial Times Lexicon, 2015) and has in recent times played a greater role in performance management. At the same time, relationship between corporations and the capital market is on a rise, and has since resulted in many complications. This essay aims to identify and describe the merits of budgetary control, and at the same time, analyses the shortcomings in relation to the capital market. An organization is a combination of many divisions covering a wide range of functions and activities. Budget helps to translate an organization’s strategic plan into operations by providing direction, coordination andShow MoreRelatedGreenpeace: Creating a Greener and More Peaceful World 1168 Words   |  5 Pagesa better and brighter future for the environment. This paper is going to discuss the history, structure, goals, and future of Greenpeace on the international scene. Origins In 1971, a small group of activist set sail from Vancouver, Canada, in an old fishing boat to protest US nuclear weapons testing in Alaska. From this mission Greenpeace was first established. 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How does Jane Austen portray pride in the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ Free Essays

For my English coursework I have decided to consider the question: How has Jane Austen portray pride in the novel Pride and Prejudice? This question asks about mostly characters and their self-respect, dignity and pride there are many different meanings of pride here are a few: 1. Inordinate self-esteem, unreasonable conceit of one’s own superiority. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Jane Austen portray pride in the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Insolence, arrogance. 3. Sense of dignity, self-respect and proper self-esteem. 4. Generous elation or satisfaction arising out of some accomplishment, possession or relationship. 5. A source of such elation. 6. The acme, the highest point, the best condition. I will approach this question by going through, firstly the characters with types of positive and negative pride and then the characters with comic and changing pride. Pride can be classed as a positive concept. A positive form of pride in Jane Austen’s novel would, I think be Lizzy. Lizzy is very proud of her family despite how sometimes they might embarrass her. For example, the way Lydia and Catherine act when there out at dinner. â€Å"Catherine and Lydia had been fortunate enough to never be without partners, which was all they had yet learned to care for at a ball†. This would suggest how flirtatious Lydia and Catherine are. Another quotation to suggest this would be: â€Å"I am astonished that you should be so ready to think your own children are silly†. This is written in Caroline Bingley’s letter to Mr Bennet. A second example of this is the way Mrs Bennet talks to Mr Darcy, because of holding a grudge against him when he first arrived at Longbourn (Darcy would dance with no-one but the Bingley sisters, either because the weren’t pretty enough or of a lower class). â€Å"You know how I detested it, unless I am particularly acquainted with my partner† My last example would be when Lydia ran off with Wickham. This is the stage in the story where the Bennets have realised what Wickham’s really like and about his sinister character. Lizzy also never looks down on anyone and I think she may believe in equality. Being headstrong and sometimes quite arrogant may let Lizzy down a little, but Lizzy speaks her mind and the way she feels when confronted or confronting showing her pride in her family and friends. For example when Collins proposed to Lizzy, she would none of it and turned him down three times. When telling her that no one else would take pleasure in engaging with her she stood strong and said she had never been treated in such an abominable, rude and UN-gentlemen-like manor. An example of Lizzy speaking her mind, When she turned Collins proposal down the first time, as it was fashionable to turn the first proposal down, but the second or third should’ve been accepted. This displayed how much Lizzy detests Collin s. I think Lizzy was quite prejudice though. At the beginning of the novel she judges Darcy on his pride because Wickham tells her of how sinister Darcy is to try and win Lizzy’s love. ‘ If late Mr Darcy had liked me less, His son might have borne me with better; but his fathers uncommon attachment to me irritated him early in life†. This is one of Wickhams lies that Lizzy sadly fell for. Wickham is trying to say that Darcys’ father paid more attention to him than Darcy. Darcy then got jealous and started disliking Wickham. Lizzy’s empathetic reply to this was: â€Å"I had not thought Mr Darcy so bad as this†. As Lizzy falls gullibly she expresses her feelings for Wickham. While Wickham smugly smiles at his attempt to poison Lizzy. When Lizzy realises she has judged wrong, she fiercely chastises herself for misjudging Darcy. â€Å"Infact my feelings are quite the opposite† This is what Lizzy says on Darcy’s second proposal. Jane Bennet portrays positive pride in the way she looks e.g. the posture and the structure in the way she sits, stands and walks. She also shows great pride in her mother and some in the rest of her family. Jane’s pride in the way she looks is strongly criticised when Mr Bingley disengages from her. This would make Jane feel very degraded. Jane is very sad about Mr Bingley leaving her, when she hears news of his return her face lights up and her pride is given back to her. This is because she knows he is coming back to see her. Mr Bennet has a lot of pride in Lizzy as he thinks she is the brightest one of his daughters. He stands by Lizzy in all she does. â€Å"We all know him to be a proud, unpleasant sort of man, but this would be nothing if you really liked him†. This is what Mr Bennet has learned that Lizzy has accepted Darcys’ second proposal. Mr Darcy was determined to not make himself look daft/pathetic again he makes sure that Lizzy is not leading him on before he properly proposes: â€Å"I could not have addressed you in any possible way that Would induce you to accept me. So tell me if your feelings Are as they were before†. Georgina on the other hand is very proud of her brother and the way she has been brought up. She obviously shows pride in her family and in all she does. I think Georgina looks up to her brother (Darcy) and respects him greatly in all he does. The negative version of pride appears in this novel quite often. A lot of it appears in conversations between the Bingley sisters. The Bingley sisters are some of the most prejudice people throughout this book. They think they are a step above the rest and only have friends with ‘money’. They think that all women should be elegant females and learn to play at least one instrument, sew and act lady like (basically to be accomplished). â€Å"Women are inclined to learn to play at least one instrument fluently† It shows us this when Lizzy dashes half way across the countryside by foot to visit her sick sister. The greeting she gets is an unimpressed one and they are dicusted in her unladylike exertion. â€Å"Yes and her petticoat; I hope you saw her petticoat, six inches deep in mud, and the gown which had been let down to hide it, not doing its office†. The Bingley sisters are proud in every thing they do and given chance to talk about themselves would claim to be the best (or ‘one of’). Their clothes they wear in the video portray their class in society and they are very arrogant, self-worrying people. Lady Catherine de Burgh is also another example of being very prejudiced or if not, the most prejudiced in the book. There isn’t a lot of Lady Catherine in the story until the end, but all the way throughout there are refers to her and her strong influences she has on people i.e. Mr Collins. â€Å"Lady Catherine said I should marry as I am a clergyman† Lady Catherine has a lot of pride, mostly in herself but some in her daughter. Lady Catherine is also extremely arrogant and does not like things when they don’t go her way. E.g. when Lady Catherine heard news of Darcy wanting to propose to Lizzy again, she storms up to Longbourn by horse and carriage to declare that Lizzy refuses his offer as Darcy is engaged to be with Lady Catherine’s daughter. Lizzy standing up for her rights bites back at Lady Catherine and makes no such promise to say no to Darcy. She ends up doing quite the opposite and accepting his offer. In the beginning of the novel Darcy is a very proud, arrogant and upper, top class person (so he seems to think). An early start became a bad start when he went to the first dinner and saw Lizzy. Darcy portray his arrogance by dancing with Mrs Hurst and Miss Bingley. Only Mr Bingley saw Darcy and tried to make him dance with Lizzy, but he said: â€Å"She is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me†. Comic Pride is a rare pride in this novel and can be seen in at least two of the characters. The first Character it occurs in is Mr Collins he has so much self-love he could make Lady Catherine vomit! Mr Collins shows his smugness in almost everything he does. When asking for Lizzy’s hand in marriage, thinking that she couldn’t turn him down financially or because its not something an 18th century woman would do. This refers to meaning 5 on the first page. Mr Collins also had the audacity to say that Lizzy would be daft to say no, as no one else would want to marry her because of her finances. â€Å"You should take it to farther consideration that inspite of your manifold attractions, it is by no means certain that another offer of marriage may never be made of you†. Collins is funny in the way he moves and acts I would describe him as behind the time (old fashioned). He shows huge respect for Lady Catherine by doing everything she tells him to do. E.g. She said he should get a wife and settle down. So he obeyed her and went to ask for Lizzys hand in marriage. The other example of comic pride would be Mrs Bennet. She always claims she’s right and I think she’s two faced. One minute she will say that Mr Bingley is an arrogant, self-centred person for dumping Jane, and when news travels he’s coming to visit shes really nice to him. E.g. She creeps round him asking how his journey was and how was he. She claims she’s always right by, for example when Lydia ran off she said she would never come back she’s been kidnapped. When she heard Lydia was coming back married she said she always knew she’d come back. Both these characters are humorous in the novel and the video, but do get quite annoying. Changing Pride also happened only once or twice in this novel. The first person it happens to is Lizzy as her pride changed when she realised she’d thought wrong of Darcy. At first she saw him as rude and arrogant but by the end she saw that she really loved him. She learned to see through all his arrogance and self-centredness and saw the polite and pleasant Darcy. This changed her views on Darcy and gave her reason to accept his proposal second time round. Darcy the mostly changed character. He has fallen for Lizzy and realises he wants to spend the rest of his life with her. At the start or the book Darcy could’ve been described as arrogant, self-centred/confident man I think Lizzy’s influences changed Darcy’s pride and he started looking at people for what they were and not what they looked like. She did this by making him realise what’s she was like deep down and not what she looked like on the outside or of her family name. The Pride in this novel is what I think keeps the story going, it makes it a lot more exciting to read. All four of these prides mixed in to one and written in the most interesting ways stops you from wanting to put this book down. How to cite How does Jane Austen portray pride in the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’?, Papers

Interpretations of “Do the Right Thing” Essay Example

Interpretations of â€Å"Do the Right Thing† Essay Spike Lee’s provocative movie â€Å"Do the Right Thing† came out in 1989. He wrote the script in only two weeks based on an incident in Howard Beach, NY where some blacks were run out of a white pizzeria (â€Å"Spike Lee,â€Å" IMDB, 1). By highlighting issues valid for the African American community that have never previously been explored on film, Lee positions himself in direct opposition to the dominant ideology of American cinema and of the African American middle class,   provoking a cultural debate over color and class. The neighborhood blacks buy pizza at Sals, an Italian joint which features photos of Italians, but none of blacks .One black character, Buggin’ Out ,complains about this situation, while another, Mookie, tries to placate him. The situation eventually grows out of hand, resulting in death for still another black character Radio Raheed at the hands of white police . As a result blacks burn the pizzeria. Although American racism is the central theme of the movie, Lee grew up in a post civil rights era as a middle class black with entrà ©e to Morehouse College and NYU film school. Creating a new black aesthetic, he sees individual power and access to the means of representation as significant goals. However, individual success cannot help group endeavor at elevation (Welsh-Assante, 25). We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretations of â€Å"Do the Right Thing† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretations of â€Å"Do the Right Thing† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretations of â€Å"Do the Right Thing† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Replete with black â€Å"in jokes† and semiotic codes, â€Å"Do the Right Thing† promotes an uncompromising black vision for blacks via the mainstream distribution channels, providing the ability to infiltrate the mainstream white institutions while still providing a sense of the African American perspective. Often linked to his â€Å"race† and his â€Å"community,† Lee nevertheless claims not to speak for all the thirty five million blacks in America. He crossed the   boundaries that separate the field of independent cinema and Hollywood mass distribution . Although stylized, his films  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   have an intense focus on violence. As an auteur, he is the embodiment of style and of the societal and cultural situations that undergird it (Willis, 22). In the time following the release of â€Å"Do the Right Thing,† the film’s message became a site of struggle as journal after journal depicted the debate, placing racism on the side of African American resistance, and calling the movie an incitement to riot. After Radio Raheed’s boom box gets demolished and he dies at the hands of brutal police, the crowd burns Sal’s pizza joint and violence gets out of control.   In a July 18, 1989 article â€Å"How Hot is Too Hot?† Newsweek comments that Lee always favored discord, but nothing like what gets shown on â€Å"Do the Right Thing†. The author of the article considered it the most controversial movie in recent memory and asked how young urban audiences would react to the film’s climatic portrayal of the riot.   It noted that Lee evaded the real issues, substituting pizza politics for the harsh realities of   urban racial conflict by his references to juxtaposed quotes from Malcolm X and Martin Luther King that appear at the end of the film. In another article â€Å"He’s Got to Have His Way,† Jeanne McDonald of Time Magazine   states that â€Å"Lee pressed the right button, acting like an assault rifle. Beneath the arrogance he wore like a badge of honor, lies a more profound racial anger that fueled his move.† (92). Additionally, in a July 3, 1989 article Richard Corliss says that the film is â€Å"like a can of beer in a paper bag- a cool sip of salvation   on a summer day- until it is revealed as a Molotov cocktail.†(45). In an effort to â€Å"get it right† the sociological Eurocentric-American discussion dismisses the film on its own terms. The most appropriate justice the film can provide is the opportunity for blacks, white cops, and Korean grocers equal time to gaze into the camera and mount a string of racial slurs. Using the pizzeria as a basis of personal, family, and community confrontation, the last leading to violence and death, makes this film as real as American cinema gets (Spencer, 228). The physical features of Radio Raheed with his love hate ring (based on Robert Mitchum in â€Å"Night of the Hunter†)and Buggin’ Out with his black power rhetoric, resemble older imagery of the â€Å"brutal negro†. (â€Å"Spike Lee, IMDB, 1). The close up shots of their race and color   mirror societal threats of the young and angry African American, making both political and economic statements by the way they stroll around the community and show the deep culture of the African American culture. What they say resembles the domestic black nationalism of Malcolm X. By putting excerpts of his speeches on film and by having Public Enemy sing â€Å"fight the power,† (â€Å"Them’s that got it, got it; them’s that don’t, don’t†).Lee tries to tell his audience to take charge of the economics in their communities. With the words â€Å"wake up,† Lee convinces   the African American audience that now is the time to â₠¬Å"do the right thing†. However, his â€Å"Bullets and Ballots† speech  Ã‚   does not dictate violence. He states that â€Å"there is good and bad in America. But the bad seems to have all the power and are in the position to block things that you and I need. We need to preserve the right to do what is necessary to bring a conclusion to that situation and it doesn’t mean that I advocate violence, but at the same time I am not against using violence in self defense. I don’t call it violence; I call it intelligence.† (Welsh-Assante,225). Many black women thought Lee’s portrayal of them to be a stereotypical and sexist as   those depicted by white filmmakers, particularly the opening dance sequence performed by Rosie Perez. However, Mookie is not an absentee father, trying to provide for his son, while in an interracial relationship. All this brings the film to a self consciously African American aesthetic showcasing a new breed of African American filmmakers who show the spiritual power of the word exemplified through African American music and language, such as call and response and ebonics. By capturing Brooklyn in the most vibrant   rays and   rhythms, Lee has demystified the black experience. This is his strongest work, (Ibid, 200). Working within the system, he succeeds on his own terms. Robert Ebert in his Book of Film states that â€Å" Lee’s work as a whole has been more perceptive and useful than any other cinematic source in helping us understand the situation of the races in the U. S.† (Ebert, 536). Following Ebert’s statement are some of Lee’s journal entries created during the making of â€Å"Do the Right Thing,† in which Lee says that he is â€Å"blessed with the opportunity to express the views of black people who otherwise don’t have access to power and the media† (â€Å"Spike Lee,† Wikipedia, 1). Lee refuses to produce traditional cinematic grammar and syntax, rejecting the Eurocentric enunciations   and substituting   ebonics and rap. Using the Afrocentric  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   aesthetic demonstrates that the concept of â€Å"nommo† is important. The term refers to the spiritual power of the word, displayed through African American music and language. this causes the film to also work on a structuralist level in which the true nature of things may be supposed not to lie   in the things themselves, but in the relationships which we perceive between them. The concept that the world is composed of relationships instead of things is the first principle of the structuralist mode of thinking. (Hawkes, 2). In other words, the nature of every element in any given situation has no significance by itself, and is in fact determined by its relationship to all the other elements involved in the situation. The attention becomes focused mainly on the form and the importance lies in the work itself and not the author. A distinctive use of language is made, not from the poetic subjects, but on those features that are necessary to language and other solely literary devices such as phonetic patterns, rhyme and metre, the use of sound and meaningful elements in their own right. By making strange poetic art counterbalances the process of habituation encouraged by routine- it defamiliarizes that with which we are   overly familiar and shows a new vision to disrupt stock responses and end by seeing the world instead of just passively recognizing it. This concept of alienation which makes the audience more aware demonstrates that words are not only vehicles for thoughts, but are objects in their own right- a literature of form- a work can only speak of coming into being against a background of speaking of something else. This alienation shocks us out of the aesthetic grip that language has on our perceptions, making us see the structure of language and the world anew ( Stam, 47-54). By using artistic styles of expression such as spirituals, jazz, rhythm and blues, go go, reggae, soul and rap, call and response and ebonics, the African American experience demonstrates the ethos and pathos of the black community by speaking in concrete forms. Bringing spiritual solidarity and power  Ã‚   to the images developed in language, the call and response functions as a type of storytelling. While containing multiple cognitive choices, its meaning is subordinated to the context in which it is used. Additionally, the African American music is accelerated in Lee’s films by still photos and unique camera angles which create a sense of urgency of the social problem embedded in the mode. (Spencer, 64). Levi Strauss worked with structuralism through mythic structure. The use of the structuralized models of myth provides for the reduction of material to manageable levels. The dominant manner to attain this goal is built on the use of the following terms: A) surface and deep structure B) binary oppositions C) mediation To discover the structure of a myth, one must explore its deep structure. The surface structure provides us with the narrative; the deep structure with an explication of the myth which is accomplished by discovering the main binary opposition in the deep structure The binary oppositions occur in nature and in the human mind: concepts of opposition such as black/white; nature/culture; day/night; rich/poor. Such terms change depending on the tale or the myth. A binary opposition can be mediated by discovering a solution(mediation) to the opposition created by the binary components. (Glazer, 2). In any myth the deep structure of the narrative is analyzed through the discovery of binary opposition and the resultant mediation. This process can in itself make new binary oppositions in the story which need to be followed until one comes to a final mediation for the story. Structuralism is an intelligent movement which bases its analysis on the reduction of materials into models referred to as structures. It is paramount to structuralism that it be understood that these structures are not concrete; rather, they are cognitive models of reality. Levi Strauss emphasized that all cultures understood the universe through such models and that mankind comprehends his world on the basis of this mental structure.   (Glazer,2). Thus, structuralism is the study of basic codes which make narrative possible. Saussure, who created this theory, saw everything as textual, composed of signs. Barthes lists five codes of narrative: 1.Proairetic-things in their sequence. 2.Semes- units of meaning 3. Hermeneutic -code of narrative suspense 4. Symbolic-marks out meaning as binary opposition 5. Reference-various bodies of knowledge which constitute the society (Lyre, 1). Structuralism can also be seen as the   study of construing the meaning through the text by repetition with difference. The study of mimesis (content) becomes the study of naturalization- the ways in which we create a sense of reality and meaning from the text. Not only are texts are analyzed for their structure of binary opposition , they are also analyzed as they represent the codes and conventions of the culture (Lyre, 1). There is a deep structure underlying both filmic and linguistic utterances; a given knowledge and a new knowledge. It is important to understand the linguistic filmic utterances. Film narrative theory draws its basic concepts from two primary source of semiotic thought-structuralism and Russian formalism. The question the narrative theory asks of the text of the narrative analysis becomes peeled away   and the natural relationship between signifier and the story   world is revealed, showing the deeper system of cultural association and relationships that are expressed in narrative form. Poetic language is not used in service to the community, but in order to place in the foreground the act of speech itself (Stam, 6). Stam continues that language in film is not a â€Å"mere adjunct to our grasp of reality, but rather   a form of it.† (7).   By making the familiar strange, and providing alienation,   film makes the audience   capable of grasping the new reality that has been hidden underneath the habitual reality. In† Do the Right Thing† not only do the characters need to wake up, but also the audience needs to.   They need to wake up to decades and centuries of cultural oppression that has not necessarily gone away, just been swept under the surface. The black community must develop power themselves. By transforming a habitual surrounding, the pizzeria ,into a strange place of violence and death, Lee shows the audience the racist perspective as embodied in Sal and his prejudiced son, a perspective that must be fought. The framework of structuralism shows that meaning occurs through difference, through binary oppositions.   Noting these binary oppositions of the different ethnic groups who utter racial slurs at one another, and seeing how the whites (cops, pizzeria owners) react to the blacks, imparts this meaning. â€Å" Do the Right Thing† can be studied as a text, a code which has within it   the markings of a larger cultural perspective, containing the idea of the subject as opposed to the idea of the individual. That is what the audience is left with in this movie. Although the death of Radio is tragic, the audience is led through to a larger truth: one of racial unease that continues to exist within different racial groups, despite the current thought that all is well. Signs are ordered through patterns in structuralism. The patterns of oppression continue to appear throughout this film, demonstrating that more work needs to be done in easing tensions between groups. Other signs are the colors which predict the rage to come- predominantly the reds focusing so much through the film. The binary opposition of the groups: blacks versus whites, old versus young, authority versus the dispossessed explain the film in ways that are understandable to all. The film can be viewed as what Levi Strauss termed a mythic structure because these oppositions are apparent to every culture. The mediation to the binary opposition of the races that Lee supplies includes â€Å"fight the power†; the blacks must take back their communities. However, he also adds that he doesn’t advocate violence, so there is no one answer in which to do so. As previously mentioned, more binary oppositions and mediations are often needed until closure actually occurs. Lee has made the familiar community which we all take for granted strange. By doing so, he prompts us to look at the deep structures underlying appearances, to observe the binary oppositions and hope for suitable mediation. As a model of structuralism, â€Å" Do the Right Thing† accomplishes much. As a model of racism, it provides many insights. This is a film of importance.

The Definition of BRIC and BRICS

The Definition of BRIC and BRICS BRIC is an acronym that refers to the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, which are seen as major developing economies in the world. According to Forbes, The general consensus is that the term was first prominently used in a Goldman Sachs report from 2003, which speculated that by 2050 these four economies would be wealthier than most of the current major economic powers. In March 2012, South Africa appeared to join BRIC, which thus became BRICS. At that time, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa met in India to discuss the formation of a development bank to pool resources. At that point, the BRIC countries were responsible for about 18% of the worlds Gross Domestic Product and were home to 40% of the earths population. It would appear that Mexico (part of BRIMC) and South Korea (part of BRICK) was not included in the discussion. Pronunciation: Brick Also Known As: BRIMC - Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico, and China. The BRICS countries include more than 40% of the worlds population and occupy over a quarter of the worlds land area. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa together are a powerful economic force.

Enthalpy Definition in Chemistry and Physics

Enthalpy Definition in Chemistry and Physics Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of a system. It is the sum of the internal energy added to the product of the pressure and volume of the system. It reflects the capacity to do non-mechanical work and the capacity to release heat. Enthalpy is denoted as H; specific enthalpy denoted as h. Common units used to express enthalpy are the joule, calorie, or BTU (British Thermal Unit.) Enthalpy in a throttling process is constant. Change in enthalpy is calculated rather than enthalpy, in part because total enthalpy of a system cannot be measured. However, it is possible to measure the difference in enthalpy between one state and another. Enthalpy change may be calculated under conditions of constant pressure. Enthalpy Formulas H E PV where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy of the system, P is pressure, and V is volume d H T d S P d V What Is the Importance of Enthalpy? Measuring the change in enthalpy allows us to determine whether a reaction was endothermic (absorbed heat, positive change in enthalpy) or exothermic (released heat, negative change in enthalpy.)It is used to calculate the heat of reaction of a chemical process.Change in enthalpy is used to measure heat flow in calorimetry.It is measured to evaluate a  throttling process or Joule-Thomson expansion.Enthalpy is used to calculate minimum power for a compressor.Enthalpy change occurs during a change in the state of matter.There are many other applications of enthalpy in thermal engineering. Example Change in Enthalpy Calculation You can use the heat of fusion of ice and heat of vaporization of water to calculate the enthalpy change when ice melts into a liquid and the liquid turns to a vapor. The heat of fusion of ice is 333 J/g (meaning 333 J is absorbed when 1 gram of ice melts.) The  heat of vaporization of liquid water  at 100 °C is 2257 J/g. Part A:  Calculate  the change in enthalpy, ΔH, for these two processes. H2O(s) → H2O(l); ΔH ?H2O(l) → H2O(g); ΔH ?Part B:  Using the values you calculated, find the number of grams of ice you can melt using 0.800 kJ of heat. SolutionA.  The heats of fusion and vaporization are in joules, so the first thing to do is convert to kilojoules. Using the  periodic table, we know that 1  mole of water  (H2O) is 18.02 g. Therefore:fusion ΔH 18.02 g x 333 J / 1 gfusion ΔH 6.00 x 103  Jfusion ΔH 6.00 kJvaporization ΔH 18.02 g x 2257 J / 1 gvaporization ΔH 4.07 x 104  Jvaporization ΔH 40.7 kJSo the completed thermochemical reactions are:H2O(s) → H2O(l); ΔH 6.00 kJH2O(l) → H2O(g); ΔH 40.7 kJB.  Now we know that:1 mol H2O(s) 18.02 g H2O(s) ~ 6.00 kJUsing this conversion factor:0.800 kJ x 18.02 g ice / 6.00 kJ 2.40 g ice melted Answer A.  H2O(s) → H2O(l); ΔH 6.00 kJ H2O(l) → H2O(g); ΔH 40.7 kJ B.  2.40 g ice melted

No Topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No Topic - Assignment Example So after some warm hugs and goodbyes I leave my city and shift abroad. Initially it is a bit difficult for me as it is a completely new surrounding, but gradually I start to get the taste of it. We are still in touch with each through phone calls and social media. Social media being so popular these days that it has almost created a virtual world for us where most of us like to live their lives. It does not make you feel that you are away from your near and dear ones. (Sherry Turkle, Alone Together) So it really helps me to be in touch my cousin and share my experience out here. Gradually my work pressure starts increasing and I get to spend lesser time online. As a result I don’t get enough time to sit and chat with my cousin online. He does expect it from me but does not complain. It has been around 3 months now that I have been situated here. Gradually our bonding is becoming distant. One Sunday I sit with my laptop and feel like having a chat with my cousin as it has been a long time. I check my inbox and find that my cousin has written me after a long time. I am all excited and happy. I start reading the mail only to get the shock of my life. He says that he missed me so much that he got a robot with my name and programmed it like me. In sense the robot likes what I like and has the same dissimilarities as mine. It is true that robotics is actually replacing humans in many ways like people use them to sweep the kitchen floor, take care of our aging parents, and provide us with reliable companionship. (Jonah Lehrer, â€Å"We, Robots†) But it is still hard to replace a complete human being. My cousin now spends most of the time with a robot that he calls by my name. Not that I am offended with this whole reaction of his. I am kind a shocked and deeply hurt inside. I always used to feel that I was that once special brother for my cousin and he used to love me that way but today it has completely changed for