Impact of Media and Social media on youth Essay

1 Explore the impact of media and of social media present with today’s youth by providing thoroughly supported detail, and well-documented conclusions. Social media has become an essential part for today’s younger generation. Social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, My space, Instagram has positive effect on youth but equally it has negative effects as well. Positive Effects The social media websites has effected youth in a way that it is considered to be a great source for professionals. They can be used as a source to start a new business or any profession. For example if a friend is looking to get hired for a job and he posted a status on his profile, so any other friend who know any job related to him, he can send him couple of messages on his profile and that’s how it benefit people. They are many other positive aspects of these social networking websites. It may help in strengthening the relationships between the young generations. There are lots of people who don’t see their friends for so long. These social websites are a way where they can be connected again. They can connect with the friends no matter they are how long away from them. It has reduced distances. Just by one click and there you go. Send friend request, on the other end your friend will accept it and start chatting. Social networking sites has helped people in connect ing people who are too far away and with whom it is impossible to meet personally, and keeping them informed about your life and the events happening in your life (Johnson et al, 2002). Read more:  Positive Aspects of Social Media Negative Effects There are negative impacts of social media on youth as well. One of the negative impacts is cyber bullying, which is very common now a days on internet. This is commonly occurs on the sites of social media. Cyber bulling is basically an electronic base communication to tyrant a person,  most often by sending threatening messages. There are also videos on social networking websites that shows violence, these videos could lead to affect the behavior of teens. By watching violence they became more aggressive, their behavior with their family changes and their minds become assertive, this could ultimately affect their living in the society. Another negative impact of social networking sites on younger generation is that these sites don’t have strict privacy, many of the personal information has been shared publically. Many of the youth don’t know about the privacy policy of any blog and they don’t actually know that this information will be disclosed to the other p ersons like advertisements. While as sharing of the personal information like photos and places, teenagers feels safe to share this stuff on social media site and they don’t worry while sharing this stuff on facebook publically. According to a questionnaire conducted on the privacy of social media websites, 21 percent of the teenagers believed that it is safe to share your personal information like photos on facebook to public. When people who use these websites for taking photos of teenagers and use them for illegal causes without knowing any disclaimers, so personal information of the teenagers seems to be exposed. This is considered to be a very serious matter because of the increasing rates of cyber crimes like theft of identity of a person. Once you have been a victim of this cyber crime, then there is nothing effective you can do. The best possible way for the avoidance of this theft is that never put your personal information publically on social networking websites. This is a very serious issue and many of the teenagers especially girls has been a victim. This has badly affected their image. Social networking websites can be very suspicious to your computer as well through a process used by hackers known as social engineering. What happen is, a hacker hacks one of your friend’s account or may make a fake account using the name of your friend send you a friend request, you accept the request knowing that he is your friend, after that they send you a link in a private chat. When you click on that link you are gone, either your account password has been emailed to that person or you system has been affected by many scams and viruses. Impact of Media In today’s world media has become stronger as ever. Television is the major source for the impact of media. It has positive effect, but on today’s  younger generation, their positive impacts have been minimized as compared to their negative impacts. Positive impacts The positive impact of the media is that it provides information to youth. Television can be act as a teacher for the youth. Watching programs that gives good lessons of kindness, racial harmony and cooperation has affected very positively on youth. Similarly some of the programs aired on television encourage libraries, zoo visits, visit to bookstores, visit to museum and many other refreshing places, and also videos that hold educational purpose can proved to be strong pro-social devices of teachings. Another positive effect is the good advertisements, which can affect the children’s behavior in a positive way. For example, any alcohol company launched their advertisement on television. They spend 10% of their total budget on the damages caused by the usage of alcohol, which includes danger in driving as well. The stage of development of child has played a vital role in effect of advertisements. According to a survey, average child watches almost 20 thousand advertisements per year. Over 60 percent advertisements promote candy, sugared cereals, toys and fatty foods. Programs based on cartoons toy products are very attractive for the children. Negative impacts Watching television can put negative impact on youth. The negative impacts are as follows Violence Nutrition Sexuality Alcohol and Smoking Violence Number of programs that consist of violence has been increased in the recent time. According to an average a child watches round about 12,000 acts of violence in television programs annually, including many cases of extortion, rape and murder. Around 1000 articles based on this study confirm that display of increased doses in the violation of television made aggressive behavior especially in boys. Other studies show that publicity of suicides on newspaper and television has increased the risk of suicide by a huge factor. Nutrition Television is the reason for the lack of play and activities related to exercise which are essential for the growth of a child. Children who waste their time on watching excessive television programs are not fit physically and like to take junk food and snacks that gives high energy. Spending much time on watching television may lead to obesity. Watching advertisement that promotes junk food has affected nutritious died of a person. Advertisements based on healthy food consist of only 4 percent of the total advertisements shown when a child is watching television. Spending number of hours on watching television programs is directly proportional to the increased number of cholesterol in a child. It may also result in eating disorders especially in girls of teenage. Eating while, viewing television programs, may lead to meaningless communication and poor habits of eating. Sexuality The programs on televisions have become a top most educator regarding sex. Between the year 1976 to 1996, the interactions that has been sexual, increased by 270 percent. Television plays a big role in revealing the sexual behaviors in children by exhibiting that they are risk free and ordinary. Sex between the couple who are unmarried has been displayed 24 times greater than it has been shown between the married couples, while the infections caused by sex and the unwanted pregnancy have been mentioned rarely. Alcohol and smoking According to a survey, teenagers view 1000 to 2000 commercials promoting bears and depicting a message that real people drink it. This data shows that number of advertising beer is directly proportional to the increased number of beer consumption. Basically television is not the only way through which a child knows about drinking beer, the main point is that it doesn’t show the consequences it can produced. More than one half of the animated movies shows use of bear and tobacco normally, without showing the consequences it can produced if used excessively (Beresin and Eugene, 2009). 2. Compares and contrasts various ways of preventing a selected risk factor from developing into an issue that would require treatment or intervention, by providing thoroughly supported detail, and well-documented reasoning for conclusions. The risk factor that has been chosen for the analysis is ‘Effect of violence in media on children’. There are two approaches that  lead to the reduction of effects caused by violent media (Murray and John, 2008). Limiting the ways of accessing and use of violent media It has been found by the researchers that by limiting the use of media, which includes watching television and playing video games, can result in the reduction of aggressive behavior in children. As many of the children’s involved in the activities of media at their home, so parents plays a big role by limiting the boundaries of excessive watching television programs and playing of video games by keeping an eye on the watching habits of child and also by monitoring what kind of and up to which extent they consume media. Parents should give lessons to their children at their developing stages that they should not watch violent programs, and any content that ultimately leads to the violence. In the year 1996 an act of telecommunication has been passed, whose focus was to provide assistance to the parents or the caretakers of the child in decreasing the child’s focus onto violent media. There has been the introduction of the rating systems through which parents could rate any specific program. If the rating has not been good that program will ultimately lead to its end. It has also the option of restricting some channel that includes the violent content. So parents were able to filter the specific television channels that exhibit violence and also the filter of abusive language. This could ultimately provide a parental control on child consuming the media. Creating Media knowledge in Youth and Parents The second technique used for the reduction of violent media is the knowledge of media through proper training. Parents and the children should be taught to assess media and create techniques in a way that may result in the reduction of violence. They should be taught a lesson, so they may able to find out the difference between the imaginary and real world. By knowing the outcome of violence shown on media in real life, and appraise the thinking of producers in the creation of a media product, explaining the nonviolent behavior in place of violent behaviors. After getting the training lessons, still many of the people don’t know about the function of blocking channels and content and for those who knows, they don’t bother to use this function. The training of giving knowledge about the media consist of Foundation known  as Just think foundation, which emphasizes on children by conveying programs based on education and that can be adjusted after the school or even bet ween the school timings. The center for the knowledge of media offers training of knowledge related to media for parents, teachers and community through activities and exercising. 3. Evaluates the various system supports that will be involved in preventing the selected risk factor, by providing thoroughly supported detail, and well-documented reasoning for conclusions Youth have been affected badly by the violence on media. The age ranges from 12 to 17 years, there is more probability of them to be a victim of violence as compared to the adults, and three times more chance of getting into the victim of attack. There is another cause that leads to the death of people who have ages between 15 to 24 years. According to a survey the rate of people who have been a rape victim, sexual attack and robbery are below the age of 25 than any of other groups of age (Bushman et al, 2001). Violence has many types which includes emotional, sexual, verbal or physical violence. In each of its form, it has been committed mostly by the person who is a relative of the victim that includes its family member and friends. Following are the support systems for the prevention of violen ce media on youth. Promotion of a helping and safe atmosphere at home By increasing the number of parents or caretakers who have nonviolent children, confirming the restriction of promoting alcohol or any other drug by parents or caretakers. Proper training lessons should be conducted and help desk should be created for the facilitation of families who has been a victim of violence and also about the advantages of different ways that restrict media violation. Work with the training centers that works for the prevention of violence There should be awareness campaign for the prevention of programs that promote violent. Parents should work with the schools and helped with for this cause, in this way they will learn and on the same time teach this education to others as well. Forbid students for watching the violent programs at their early age and tell them the risks that possibly could occur as a result of watching these violent programs. Manage the society in a way that it will minimize risks and maximize protection Technically connect with the programs that work on the development of youth. There should be availability of every opportunity that supports in making  healthy relationships. Proper campaigns should be launched which describes the awareness among the youth about the damages caused the use of alcohol. Manage the best practices systems in order to reduce violence and to address civil condition Introduction of new policies should made that should meet the initial needs of a family like residence, income, nutrition, food and childcare. Training of the individuals so that they may able to find and give response to the violence on media. One thing must be checked that are your surroundings which includes your neighbors are safe. Promotion of an attractive package of the preventive services regarding health for younger generation age ranges from 11 to 21. Provide food and shelter for the people who don’t have their own homes. These are the ways through which violence on media can be prevented. If a person wants society free from this violation, he should follow these steps in order to develop a better society (Robinson et al, 2001). 4. Categorizes the roles of each system in preventing the selected risk factor, by providing thoroughly supported detail, and well-documented conclusions. Roles of each system Promotion of a helping and safe atmosphere at home This system for preventing the risk of violence shown on media helps in guiding the parents about treating their children related to violence that is shown on media and social media. This system encourages the secure atmosphere at homes of children so that they cannot learn bad things from media. Work with the training centers that works for the prevention of violence The role of this system is to tell about the importance of different centers of training through which people can learn about preventing violence. People can learn about the advantage of these training centers related to violence and can prevent this is future. Manage the society in a way that it will minimize risks and maximize protection The main role of this system for preventing violence is to manage the society in a way that can reduce the level of risks and increase the level of protection. Media channels and social media should be given lessons through which they can learn that what to show on media and what to not. Manage the best practices systems in order to reduce violence and to address civil condition The role of this  system is to manage the practices that are best for the system for reducing violence in society and for addressing the condition in civil. References Johnson Jeffrey G., Patricia Cohen, Elizabeth M. Smailes, Stephanie Kasen, and Judith S. Brook. (2002). â€Å"Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood.† Science295(5564):2468-2471 Beresin, Eugene V. (2009). â€Å"The Impact of Media Violence on Children and Adolescents: Opportunities for Clinical Interventions.† American Academy of Child Adolescents Psychiatry. [Available Online] http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/developmentor/the_impact_of_media_violence_on_chi ldren_and_adolescents_opportunities_for_clinical_interventions (Retrieved on 29 Oct 2014) Murray, John P. (2008). â€Å"Media Violence: The Effects Are Both Real and Strong.† American Behavioral Scientist 51(8):1212-1230 Bushman, Brad J., and L. Rowell Huesmann. (2001). Effects of Televised Violence on Aggression. In: Singer DG, Singer JL, eds. Handbook of Children and the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Robinson, Thomas N., Marta L. Wilde, Lisa C. Navracruz, K. Farish Haydel, and Ann Varady. (2001). â€Å"Effects of reducing children’s television and video game use on aggressive behavior: a randomized controlled trial.† Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 155:17-23 Federal Communications Commission. In the matter of violent television programming and its impact on children: statement of Commissioner Deborah Taylor Tate. MB docket No. 04-261 [Available online] http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-07-50A5.pdf [Retrieved on 29 Oct 2014]

Alliance: Cold War Essay

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Family Genetic History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Justification and Excuses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 93

Assignment Example The news from countries that are at war is now transformed to assume a face that is more human. Women changed the local stories that have made then public to respond to homelessness, child prostitution and domestic violence and abuse. Women were determined to change the traditions that had dominated the newsrooms for a long time (Chambers, Steiner, and Fleming 11). They argued that [people see what they are seeking and what they are adapted to. Women see perceive things differently from men, and they inclusion in the newsrooms adds a lot of value to the news coverage. They complete the news the content of the news by making all parts of the society visible. They also facilitated the redress of the discriminative nature of newspapers that perceived them as citizens who were in the second class (Chambers, Steiner, and Fleming 8). They now report about those women who are in exceptionally high ranks in any organization, not just using them in adverts to demonstrate the strength of a detergent that can remove all form s of stains. This essay is in total agreement with the fact that women have brought a major transformation in journalism, and the evidence for this is clear. In conclusion, women have brought a new face in the newsroom, by completing the news coverage to all spheres of society. However, they still have not been fully integrated to occupy the top ranks in the journalism

U.S.A. PATRIOT Act, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, and the Essay

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The Rise and Influence of Nationalism in Japan around WWII Essay

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Managing Employee Relations in Contemporary Organisations Essay - 2

Managing Employee Relations in Contemporary Organisations - Essay Example 201). The modern approach to employee relations is people management. The employees to the organization were employed based on their skill and as part of a team that would meet the requirements of the organization (Kessler and Purcell, 2003, p. 28). Human management as a style that is used by the ACME organization concentrates on the skills that an individual brings into the company (Legge, 2005, p.102). Prior to securing a job with the company, it is important that what the employee brings to the table is analyzed and this is part of the enrolment (Purcell, 1987, p. 29). The company has stringent policies on which employees it employs, a fact that is expressed in different settings such as when referring to family, (Legge, 1995, p. 99), i.e. potentially some members may feel offended if they cannot get their friends/family in but so be it. We will never compromise the arrangement that we will go for the best person for the job. But with 500 people there are going to be individuals, but relatively few, we wouldn't recruit again. If one of these few recommended friends/family we would look, but look very carefully. The company has also adopted a structure that is based on personal and team responsibilities within the organization, which differ from any trade union system of operation. The organisation’s policy on performance and pay states that, If somebody is not performing they get told about it. We have annual appraisal and salary is directly linked to contribution across a number of factors, so people get a message both financially and otherwise across the table from the manager at the appraisal, if not at other times of the year, which does not include any responsibilities to any party or individual outside the organisation. The system used is analytical based on the quality an individual brings to the company (Salamom, 2000, p. 291). The approach to management takes on a modern management style that gives employees roles, responsibilities as well as a supervisor to answer to in the course of their employment. The approach means that individual contributions to the company are looked into during the running of ACME. The management considers the goals set by management, in terms of economics, finances, growth, marketing and advertising among others (Williams and Adam-Smith, 2009, p. 102). Although the system makes use of preset performance requirements, the company ensures that it appreciates the efforts put in by the employees at any one given time in every position as it is stated by the company as directly linked to a number of factors contributing to outcomes in the financial and other concepts. 2. Critically discuss why they use this approach (cite evidence from both the case study and academic literature to justify this discussion). The performance of employees in the organisation is an important goal and objective driven element of analysis. The chosen employee management style in relations allows the management to keep t rack of the growth of the organisation on an overall state as well as in the personal concept. The style emphasizes the fact that individual workers are the unit by which the ACME organisation operates. By choosing the individualistic approach to employee relations, the organisation

English Studies Reflection paper Essay Example for Free

English Studies Reflection paper Essay One should assume that in taking an Intro to English course that they would be formally and informally introduced to English. However, that assumption escaped me. I didn’t know that we would explore so many avenues for English as a major, but I’m pleased that we did. This journey through the various areas of English has both enlightened me and piqued my interest. While I entered into this course feeling very confident with the path that I wanted to travel, I am now a bit more open-minded about additional ways to reach my destination; which is English Education. As an English teacher I can see the roles that each area of study that we covered could potentially play in education for me as well as my future students. When I consider Publishing Studies and what it has to offer, I immediately think of projects I could assign my students. Publishing studies takes a book in its skeletal state and constructs all the layers until it becomes a live and fully functioning piece of art. Publishing studies in a sense is the production phase of the books we read. It is where the book goes to develop. It starts with the brains of the operation or the writer. Once the writer creates the manuscript it is then passed on to the heartbeat of the process. There are various organs within that cause the heart to function. Those organs include the designer of the cover, the designer of the layout and even the editors. The area of production studies is a well-oiled machine working to produce the fully developed body of the writers’ creation. However, without linguistics what words would the writer use to even create such a masterpiece?

Horror Of War In Two Poems The Dug-Out and Breakfast Essay Example for Free

Horror Of War In Two Poems The Dug-Out and Breakfast Essay Compare the ways on which two poems from this section convey powerful pictures of life in the trenches. Both of the poems The Dug-Out and Breakfast try to convey a message that is the futility and horror of the war. The Dug-Out shows the horror of the war by accentuating the fear of death in the poem. However, Breakfast transfers the meaning of triviality by describing the hardship in the breakfast time in the trenches. The Dug-Out is written as a single stanza with simple structure and sentence. The poet has chosen this structure to convey striking imagery and therefore to reflect the reality of the war. The poem begins with the adverb why to intrigue the reader and also creates a sense of uneasiness with words ungainly huddled. The poet chooses to use the metaphor of a candle to portray the solders dying as the burning out of a candle. The alliteration guttering gold emphasizes the candle imagery and also shares the pain with the reader. You wonder why is in narrative voice shows the rejection putting a sense of hopeless. The last two lines are in italic and this highlights its importance. The metaphor of fall asleep for ever symbolizes the death and this remind[s] the poet of the other dead[s]. The emotive language such as sullen, drowsy states the fact that these soldiers are bordering on insanity as the fear of death has scarred them mentally. Sassoons view therefore becomes clear, that death has become as commonplace as sleep and war creates fear especially the fear of death for every soldier in any mundane condition. The title of the poem Breakfast has been chosen to put a sense of ordinarily and triviality. Gibson chooses to use a simple verse on Breakfast as well as The Dug-out. The poem begins a simple statement: we ate our breakfast lying on our backs. This straightforward account creates a sense of immediacy and also it begins with a second person narrative we to include the reader. Gibson chooses to use imagery of everyday life to represent the terror and horror of the war. In a betting of a rugby game, Ginger is dead because he raised his head. The killing of person in a betting during the breakfast time clearly illustrates the dreadfulness of the life in trenches. The effect of contrast is emphasized by the semi-colon this makes action more dramatic. The poem begins and ends with the same lines emphasizes that war is in everyday life just as the eating of breakfast and the shelling are also linked. Unlike The Dug-Out, there is no melancholy or emotive language in the poem whereas Giblson frequently use the simple word and slang to create a matter-of-fact tone and this generates a more horrific feeling upon the reader. Both poems portray the horror and fear of the war and make their point that war is futile by conveying powerful imagery in trenches. Both of them use the simple stanza and structure to express the feeling of fear and the sense of immediacy in trenches. The Dug-Out is set in a mood of melancholy by using the pathos language such as the guttering gold candle and describing the dankness that is surrounded with. Nevertheless, Breakfast achieves the same level of horror only by simple language as Gibson cleverly connects the war to the eating of breakfast and therefore emphasizes his idea of triviality and fultility.

Impact Of Barriers To Entry On Market Strategy

Impact Of Barriers To Entry On Market Strategy Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review previous research and to propose a model for the impact of barriers to entry on the market strategy of an entrant firm, where product/market scope and product differentiation are central strategy components. The paper asks, what is the impact of barriers on market strategies of entrants? Are early and late entrants affected in different ways? Design/methodology/approach A model and propositions are developed-based on a review of previous research. The model applies the contingency perspective and company cases exemplify the model. Findings It is proposed that a firm that enters a market late and faces extensive barriers would choose a broader product/market scope and differentiate its products to a larger extent than an early entrant. It is also proposed that incumbents market strategies indirectly affect the market strategy of an entrant firm as incumbents market strategies interact with barriers, and the effects are due to entry timing. Research limitations/implications The study contributes theoretically as it extends current knowledge of the impact of barriers to entry on strategy. Management of entrant firms are advised to strive for a fit between barriers and market strategy and consider the propositions. Originality/value The model and the propositions concern barrier effects on two key components of the nmrket strategy of an entrant firm: product/market scope and product differentiation. Another important value is that the model accounts for interactions between incumbent strategies and harriers to entry, and effects on the market strategy of an entrant firm. Keywords Market entry, Marketing strategy, Competitors Paper type Literature review Introduction Barriers to entry have been a popular field of research since the seminal work of Bain (1956). Barriers are obstacles preventing entrant firms from being established in a particular market (Porter, 1980). However, despite the practical and theoretical importance of the matter, we still have only limited understanding of the impact of barriers on the market strategy of an entrant firm. A deeper empirical exploration of the issue calls for a reliable model that clarifies expected relationships. An empirical example is the comprehensive work that takes place within the European Union in order to create unified rules for international competition and reduce the impact of barriers originating from government regulations. Industries such as telecommunications are subject to these unification processes (Pehrsson, 2001). A general aim is to encourage the establishment of both domestic competitors and competitors stemming from other countries (Karlsson, 1998). But what is the expected impact of barriers on market strategies of entrants? Are early and late entrants affected in different ways? In theoretical terms, we need further knowledge of a relation between conditions external to the firm and the firm strategy, and, therefore, application of the contingency perspective (Hambrick, 1983; Peteraf and Reed, 2007) is appropriate. The central view is that a fit between external conditions and firm strategy provides a basis for competitive advantage and high performance (Miller, 1996). According to the review by Peteraf and Reed (2007), an earlier central criticism of contingency theory was that contingency research was reductionist (Meyer et aL, 1993), and empirical models did not account for the impact of interactions among central elements. However, recent studies on internal alignment focus on interaction effects among firm attributes and impact on firm performance (Kauffman, 1993; Levinthal, 1997). Yet, we still have very limited knowledge of interactions among external conditions and the impact on firm strategy. This paper applies the contingency perspective and focuses on the impact of barriers to entry on the market strategy of early and late entrants. The purpose is to review previous research and to propose a model for the impact of barriers on strategy where product/market scope and product differentiation are central strategy components. The resulting model addresses external firm conditions and proposes direct effects of exogenous and endogenous barriers and indirect effects of incumbents market strategies. These constitute the frame for barriers that originate from incumbents behavior, and incumbent strategies assumingly interact with barriers to entry. Although, for example, the performance impact of barriers to entry has been widely investigated (Marsh, 1998), only a few studies have focused on the impact on the market strategy of entrant firms. Robinson and McI)ougall (2001) studied entrants and found that the negative performance effects of three barriers (scale effects, capital need, and product differentiation) were particularly important when the product/market scope was narrow. Further, Pehrsson (2001) observed that deregulation in the telecommunications industry caused adjustments of the product/market scope of market entrants. Finally, Han et a!. (2001) and Salavou et at. (2004) found that a need for capital stimulated the mnovativeness and product differentiation of entrants. We therefore need to continue to study the impact of barriers on the product/market scope and product differentiation of market entrants. More precisely, there is a lack of knowledge of direct and indirect barrier effects on entrants product/market scope and product differentiation. The fact that competitors may constitute a primary source of barriers has largely been neglected, and incumbents market strategies most probably indirectly affect the strategy of an entrant firm. Competitors are crucial here as they demonstrate certain market strategies and thereby create customer loyalties and other barriers (Porter, 1980). Also, the literature indicates that the effects are due to entry timing Karakaya and Stahl, 1989), and the effects on the strategy of an early entrant may not be the same as those for a late entrant. The paper is organized in this way: In Section 2, I review previous research on barriers to entry and the strategy impact of barriers; in Section 3, I present the model and propositions about relationships in the model; Section 4 presents illustrative company cases; conclusions and implications follow in Section 5. Literature review This section of the paper first presents important exogenous and endogenous barriers to entry that have been observed by scholars. The section then reviews previous studies on the impact of barriers on product/market scope and product differentiation, and the impact on entry timing. Important barriers to entry A barrier to entry can be categorized as either exogenous or endogenous (Shepherd, 1979). Exogenous barriers are those that are embedded in the underlying market conditions and, in principle, firms are not able to control exogenous barriers. On the contrary, endogenous barriers are created by the established firms through their market strategies and their competitive behavior and are thus based on incumbents reactions to new entrants efforts to become established. However, Gable ci a!. (1995) observed that frequently the barrier types are mutually reinforcing, and they may be difficult to interpret. Table I lists important barriers to entry that have been observed in the literature, with studies cited by author and publication date. As regards the exogenous barriers, incumbents cost advantages are considered important by several authors (Gable et al., 1995; Han et al., 2001). This barrier means that incumbents may possess absolute or variable cost advantages, forcing the entrant firm to achieve scale effects and low costs. Incumbents product differentiation (Pehrsson, 2004; Schlegelmilch and Ambos, 2004) is another important barrier as it creates loyalties and relations among buyers and established sellers, and accompanying obstacles for the entrant trying to access customers Gohansson and Elg, 2002). Furthermore, the extensive need for capital in order to be firmly established in a market is an important exogeneous barrier emphasized by many authors (flarrigan, 1981; Siegfried and Evans, 1994), and the importance is also valid for customers switching costs (Gruca and Sudharshan, 1995; Karakaya and Stahl, 1989). This barrier is due to the costs that any potential customer faces trying to switch from one supplier to another. For example, costs may be allocated to employee retraining or changes in product design. Available distribution channels might not be anticipated by the entrant firm, or they may be controlled by competitors, creating customer access obstacles (Han el al., 2001; Pehrsson, 2004). Other barriers may include incumbents brand loyalty Q Endogenous barriers are created by the competitive behavior of incumbent firms in accordance with their market strategies. Important endogenous barriers may originate from excess capacity. This is generally accompanied by increased advertising or promotional activity (Demsetz, 1982; Gable el aL, 1995) or pre-emptive pricing resulting in price competition (Guiltinnan and Gundlach, 1996; Simon, 2005). T A B L E It is thus appropriate to view endogenous barriers as established firms reaction to new entrants (Karakaya and Stahl, 1989; Yip, 1982). In fact, incumbents may deter the entry of new comers simply by creating expectations of fear for the incumbents post-entry reaction (Karakaya and Stahl, 1989). However, Gable et a!. (1995) found that exogenous and endogenous barriers are mutually reinforcing. They studied entry barriers in retailing and found that incumbents frequently increased advertising and sales promotion when reacting to market entrants. These measures enhanced the degree of product and service differentiation attributed to the incumbent, while the measures also provided a method for an existing retailer to increase the costs of entry to a potential competitor. The observed endogenous barriers of increased advertising and sales promotion thus reinforce the exogenous barriers of capital need and product differentiation. Further, a number of studies (Karakaya, 2002; Karakaya and Kerin, 2007; Karakaya and Stahl, 1989; Siegfried and Evans, 1994) have explored the relative importance of individual barriers. Karakaya (2002) examined the importance of 25 potential barriers to entry in industrial markets. The majority of the executives in the survey considered the most important barriers to be incumbents cost advantages and the need for capital to enter markets. The impact of barriers on strategy Researchers have studied the impact of barriers to entry on two strategy components, namely product/market scope (Bonardi, 1999; Delmas and Tokat, 2005; Haveman, 1993; Pehrsson, 2001, 2007; Robinson and McDougall, 2001), and product differentiation (Delmas ci at, 2007; Russo, 2001; Schlegelmilch and Ambos, 2004) including innovativeness (Han ci at, 2001; Salavou ci at, 2004). Table TI summarizes key findings of the studies of strategies of market entrants and incumbents. As regards product/market scope, Pehrsson (2007) studied perceptions of expansion barriers in 191 subsidiaries of incumbent Swedish manufacturing firms in Germany, the United States and the UK. I-Ic found that the impact of balTiers was due to the breadth of the product/market scope of the firms. Hence, obstacles to access customers affect performance in a negative way if the firm has a narrow product/market scope. One reason why the obstacles are not significant if the scope is broad may be that different customer types and delivered products in this context are associated with more degrees of freedom in choosing customers. Problems in accessing a certain customer type may thus be balanced against limited problems regarding other types. Robinson and McDougall (2001) established a similar pattern. They studied the moderating effect of product/market breadth on the relationship between entry barriers and performance of 115 new ventures. Three barriers were closely studied: economies of scale, capital need, and product differentiation, It was found that the negative effect of capital need on return Ofl sales was smaller for ventures pursuing a broad scope. Further, the negative effects of all barriers were smaller for broad-scope ventures as regards shareholder wealth. Government policy changes manifested by, for example, deregulation or other institutional changes stimulate adjustments of the product/market scope of incumbents (Bonardi, 1999; Delmas and Tokat, 2005; Haveman, 1993; Pehrsson, 2001). Haveman (1993) showed that many firms in the savings and loans industry had expanded into new areas as a result of deregulation. Further, Pehrsson (2001) found that choices of customers made by both incumbents and entrant firms followed deregulations in the British and Swedish telecommunications industries. As regards the product differentiation component of market strategy, Han el al. (2001) and Salavou et al. (2004) found that market entrants innovativeness reduced the impact of capital need. A finns innovativeness reflects its way of pursuing product differentiation relative to competitors (Kustin, 2004). The literature also addresses changes in barriers to entry due to deregulation and their effects on rncuinbents differentiation Dehnas el aL, 2007; Russo, 2001; Schlegelmilch and Ambos, 2004). Delmas et a!. (2007) observed a variety of differentiation efforts in response to deregulation in the US electric utility industry, while Schlegelmilch and Ambos (2004) studied strategic options in such industries. In particular, Russo (2001) found that technology differentiation was a common effect of deregulation in the utility industry. Delmas et a!. (2007) advocate that, in fact, differentiation is common in industries that is subject to deregulation. The impact of barriers on entry timing Makadok (998) and Pehrsson (2004) underscore that the entry timing advantages of first- and early-movers seem to be resistant to erosion by the entry of additional competitors in a market. Once a new competitor has entered the market, it is difficult to match the performance of the incumbents due to extensive customer loyalties established previously. For the entrant firm this creates severe obstacles to customer access. Karakaya and Stahl (1989) studied the effects of barriers on the timing of market entry of 49 firms delivering industrial goods and consumer goods. The researchers particularly found that switching costs of potential customers is perceived as more important for late entry than early entry in both industrial goods and consumer goods markets. This finding supports the notion that late market entrants will face extensive obstacles to access customers due to previous loyalties between sellers and buyers. A model of the impact of entry barriers on strategy The model presented in this section proposes relationships between barriers to entry, incumbents market strategies and the market strategy of an entrant firm (Figure 1). The model applies the contingency perspective Hambrick, 1983; Peteraf and Reed, 2007) and proposes that an entrant firms market strategy is contingent on the external conditions of barriers to entry (P12 in Figure 1). It is also assumed that competitors constitute a main source of barriers; therefore, the model proposes indirect effects and interactions between incumbents market strategies and barriers (P3). Further, entry timing is important; the propositions suggest that strategies of early and late entrants differ. This section first defines the key concepts of the model and continues with motivations and presentations of the propositions. The concepts in the model The term barriers to entry stems from industrial organization literature and refers to obstacles that firms have to face when they try to establish themselves in a market (Porter, 1.980). Advantages of incumbent firms established earlier correspond to the extent to which the incumbents can raise their prices above a theoretical equilibrium without attracting other firms to enter the market (Bain, 1956). Barriers are exogenous or endogenous and are mutually reinforcing (see the literature review above). Entrant firms and incumbents demonstrate certain market strategies. Miller (1987) found that the dominant content components of strategy were product/market scope, product innovation, differentiation, and cost control. Product/market scope corresponds to the breadth of business activities and is manifested by the breadth of the range of product types and customer types. As product innovation is a way of differentiating the product in relation to competing products, I include innovation in product differentiation (Kustin, 2004). Further, as cost control is an ingredient of price, and customers are generally more concerned with prices than firm costs, prices are frequently subject to differentiation (Porter, 1980). rrherefore product differentiation in the model also includes pricing. However, product differentiation does not only refer to the physical product core. Usunier (1993) suggests that services linked to products such as after-sales services are central to differentiation, and Pehrsson (2006) further emphasizes flexibility attributes. Th attributes combine with other attributes in order to meet individual customer needs, and include, for example, solutions to customer problems and distribution features. Differentiating products in relation to products of competitors may thus give the firm competitive advantages. In essence, Porter (1980) convincingly argues that differentiation is a way of creating layers of insulation against competitive warfare and increases the odds of achieving high financial performance. Direct effects of barriers to entry Pehrsson (2007) and Robinson and McI)ougall (2001) found that the effects of barriers were less severe if the product/market scope of a market entrant was broad. Based on the findings, the researchers argue that product/market breadth of market entrants generally moderates the relationship between entry barriers and performance. Theoretically, a market entrant that has to face extensive barriers to entry would prefer a broad product/market scope. In that way, the entrant may be able to exploit the degrees of freedom that accompany the broad scope, and balance obstacles in accessing a certain customer type against obstacles relating to other types. However, research has shown that late market entrants tend to be exposed to more comprehensive barriers than early entrants (Makadok, 1998; Pehrsson, 2004). In particular, customer loyalties and customers switching costs (Karakaya and Stahl, 1989) constitute key competitive advantages of early entrants. A late market entrant would, therefore, theoretically have to face more severe obstacles in trying to access customers than would an early entrant: P1. A firm that enters a market late and has to face extensive barriers will chxse a broader product/market scope than an early entrant. In accordance with the results of Han el at (2001) and Salavou el at. (2004), market entrants frequently use product innovations to overcome market entry barriers. As innovativeness manifests product differentiation, it is logical to propose that a market entrant may use product differentiation in order to respond to barriers, and that comprehensive differentiation efforts follow extensive barriers. As a late entrant is theoretically exposed to more extensive barriers than an early entrant, this leads to the second proposition: P2. A firm that enters a market late and has to face extensive barriers will differentiate its products to a larger extent than an early entrant. Indirect effects of barriers to entry P1 and P2 do not pay attention to indirect effects, crucial interactions among barriers to entry and other important conditions external to the entrant firm. However, we can expect that barriers interact with incumbents market strategies. This expectation relies on the necessity of observing competitors as they pursue certain market strategies, and are able to create customer loyalties and other barriers (Porter, 1980). If we pay attention to incumbents, a strategy that promotes the development of brand loyalty, for example, focuses on a factor that create barriers (Krouse, 1984). Further, entry timing advantages of first- and early-movers (Makadok, 1998; Pehrsson, 2004) generally stem from the firms opportunities to penetrate potential customers, start to differentiate products, and develop customer relationships. If successful, the customer relationships and accompanying loyalties become effective barriers to competition. Theoretic-ally, late entrants therefore have difficulty matching the performance of the early entrants. We may therefore propose that the interaction affects early and late entrants in different ways: P3. Incumbents market strategies indirectly affect the market strategy of an entrant firm as incumbents market strategies interact with barriers to entry. The effects are different for early and late entrants. Illustrative cases Deregulation and unification of rules pertaining to firms operating telecommunications networks caused operators to reconsider their market strategies in Europe (Pehrsson, 2001). Unlike many other European countries, Sweden has never legalized a monopoly for the establishment of telecommunications networks or for the offering of services. However, Televerket (the Swedish public telecommunications administration) historically had a monopoly-like hold on many sectors of the market. This organization was converted in 1993 into a company group with a parent fIrm, Telia. As there are no regulations protecting Swedish interests or restricting foreign operators from establishing themselves in the country, many firms have entered the market. Any firm with a desire to enter the market will have to face the barrier of capital need in terms of the arrangement of infrastructure. For example, Tele2 entered the market early and addressed this need for capital by cooperating with the Swedish State Rail Administration. The background for Kinneviks establishment of Tele2 is that Kinnevik had gained experience from mobile telephony in the USA (NetCom Systems, 1994). Parallel with these activities, preparations began within traditional telecommunications for voice and data in the 1980s. A gateway for data traffic was opened in 1986, and in 1989 an agreement was concluded with the Swedish State Rail Administration for joint investments in a fiber optic network. Tele2 was formed in 1987 with the intention to offer stationary telephony primarily to households based on low prices. When the deregulation of the telecommunications market accelerated in 1993, Tele2 was able to act fast and reached second place after the incumbent, Telia. I)otcom l)ata Telecommunications entered the Swedish market late and had to face the extensive barriers caused by the dominance of the incumbent and early entrants. By the end of the 1990s, Dotcom was the only operator in the Swedish market with telecommunications operations that were not part of the original corporate core business Dotcom Data Telecommunications, 1995). The product/market scope was dominated by local data networks and included also stationary telephony, leased lines, office exchanges, extensive communications systems, support systems and so on. Middle-sized companies, large companies, and public administrations were the main target groups. In sum, the case of Dotcom Data Telecommunications illustrates P1. The firm was exposed to extensive barriers due to the firms late market entry and chose a broad product/market scope. In that way, the firm was able to exploit the degrees of freedom that accompanied the broad scope, and balance obstacles in accessing a certain customer type against obstacles regarding other types. Further, Dotcom Data Telecommunications tried to avoid price competition and, instead, strived for long-term customer relationships. As there were six phases of the delivery chain (analysis of needs, systems design, installation, education, service, and financing) there were many options to conduct product differentiation. A comparison with the limited low-price differentiation of Tele2 illustrates P2. However, in accordance with P3, both entrants had to face the barriers caused by the incumbents cTelias) strategy of keeping its market dominance and loyal customers. Conclusions and implications Despite the limitation that there may be more important external conditions beyond incumbents market strategies that interact with barriers to entry, we are now able to conclude the a firm that enters a market late and has to face extensive barriers probably would chxse a broader product/market scope and differentiate its products to a larger extent than an earlier entrant. Also, it is proposed that incumbents market strategies indirectly affect the market strategy of an entrant firm as incumbents market strategies interact with barriers, where the effects are due to entry timing. In sum, the model extends our knowledge as it accounts for the direct impact of barriers to entry on product/market scope and product differentiation, and specifies central conditions external to the entrant firm. Also, the model accounts for entry timing effects. In accordance with the contingency perspective management of entrant firms would be advised to strive for a fit between barriers to entry and market strategy and thereby bear in mind the proposals put forward in this paper. Of importance are not only direct effects of barriers on product/market scope and product differentiation, but also the way incumbent strategies interact with balTiers. It would also be advisable for each firm to evaluate the relative importance of barriers and acknowledge that a late entry is generally accompanied by more extensive barriers than an early entry. Further, as exogenous barriers and endogenous barriers are often mutually reinforcing, attention needs to be paid to combined effects. Further empirical research should be conducted in terms of applying the model developed in this paper. A suggestion for future research is to explore how management perceives barriers to entry, and how this perception contributes to the emergence and sustainability of competitive advantage. Also, it would be interesting to explore managerial knowledge of barriers in early and late phases of market entry.

Essay --

The narrator of The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man was born to a â€Å"colored† mother and white father. This combination of his identity led him to encounter many internal and external challenges. Physically he appeared white, so he experienced being able to â€Å"pass† as both â€Å"colored† or white whenever he wished. Being able do such a thing, the narrator struggled with racial boundaries. He embodied almost every permutation, intentional or unintentional, of the experience when encountering various racial (white and â€Å"colored†) communities, eventually deciding to pass as white at the end of the novel. Due to cowardice, instead of representing his race, he suppressed the African-American part of his identity and destroyed his chances of achieving true contentedness and self-awareness. â€Å"Passing† was a common theme seen in many novels that came to relevance during the Harlem Renaissance. This phenomenon dealt with the impermeability of racial boundaries when a person with any amount of African-American blood was considered â€Å"colored†Ã¢â‚¬ . The narrator dealt with this complicated aspect of his life through innumerable experiences while being a part of white and â€Å"colored† communities. Although his mother was â€Å"colored†, his father, who was absent during his childhood, was a white man. In spite of of his â€Å"colored† roots, the narrator had the advantage of outwardly appearing white, thus being able to pass as a white man whenever he desired. He often considered his meaningful African-American origin, but typically resorted to associating with the white race: eventually suppressing the â€Å"colored† element of his identity completely. The narrator was unaware of his â€Å"colored† origin early on in his life. He was observant of his surroundings, but never... ...ith the â€Å"colored† people: he chose to disassociate. The narrator of The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man decided not to fight for racial equality in America for his fellow African-American, or even for himself, but rather conformed with the white majority thus selecting the uncomplicated path: the path that would lead him to security and safety in the years to come. After struggling with his identity in the white and African-American community as a â€Å"colored† man who could pass as white, he decided to discard his â€Å"colored† roots and stick with his white origin. By doing such a thing, he was able to live a simple, respectful, and safe life, but he abandoned a very significant part of his identity. He felt slight remorse towards the end of the novel, but self-interest held more importance to him than embracing the cultural heritage of the African-American community.

Natty Dreadlocks The Study of the Youth Black Faith and the Bobo Dreads

Natty Dreadlocks The Study of the Youth Black Faith and the Bobo Dreads The most outstanding characteristic of the Rastafarians is then- hair. Although other people view dreadlocks as disgusting, smelly, and as a symbol of craziness, the Rastas see the dreadlocks as part of who they are and what they stand for. The longer and more developed their dreads are represents their status and their faith. They think of their hair as a crown, like the crown of their king, Halle Selassie, or to the main of the lion symbolizing male strength. The Rastas' crowns let people know they are rebelling against oppression and do not want to"fit in"with the people that view them as freaks. They started this trend to go against organizational life and challenge the social and religious norms that were implicated at the time. The Youth Black Faith and later the Bobo Dreadlocks made great contributions to implementing the Dreadlock trend and helped break away from the oppression they endured. In the late 1940's, five brethren, guided by their love for the Rastafarian doctrine. got together to start what would become the Youth Black Faith. These five leaders held their own on the streets. They called themselves Brother Taf, Pete, Brother Firsop, Badaman and Watson. Kingston was expanding rapidly due to peasants leaving the rustic for urban poverty. Back-o-Wall had already entered into Ackee Walk next to the large May Pen cemetery and stretched farther south all the way to the seaside except for an intervening portion that the water commission owned. In Trench Town, also, slums filled up the area with footpaths and alleyways connecting them. It was at one of these slums in Trench Town, Ninth Street to be exacts that Brother Taf and Pete lived. ... ... to Walter Rodney , Africa World Press Inc., 1987 Chevannes, Barry, Rastafari : Roots and Ideology Hausman, Gerald, the Kebra Negast - The-Book-of-Rastafarian Falth--from Ethiopia and Jamaica , St. Martin's Press, 1997 Internet [precise URLs may be in error due to translation, and they are not the fault of the author. -Editor] Jamaica atlas : http: //WWW. t Urknet. coin/ at I as/ 9 7 august/_I am at ca/page2. htni I The Bobo Dread: Beliefs and Rituals : littp:/'/www.envirolink.org/oneworlct/t'OCLts/ettopla/rasta3.litinI Dread History : 'The African Diaspora, Ethiopianism, and Rastafari littp://editcate.si.edLL/nllgrations/rasta/pic I O.html The Bobo Dread : Relations with the Outside littp: /'/www. etiviro link. org/oneworld/t'OCLIs/etiopia/rasta 1. litral The Bobo Dread : littp: //www. envirolik. org/oneworld/ t'OC US/eti Opt a/rasta. htm I

Democracy and Transportation in America :: Politics Political Research Papers

Democracy and Transportation in America In 1952, Charles E. Wilson resigned as President of GM to become Secretary of Defense. At the confirmation he was asked if he could make a decision in the interest of the nation if it were adverse to GM. "Yes sir, I could," Wilson said. "I cannot conceive of one, because for years I thought what was good for our country was good for General Motors and vice versa. The difference does not exist."1 Yet his GM is accused of undermining the American transportation infrastructure and destroying a viable, superior streetcar network in order to sell more cars. Regardless of the validity of this conspiracy theory, the fact remains that America destroyed vast mass transit networks to make way for private and public automotive transportation. The question of whether the transfer from iron to asphalt was advisable also asks what makes a good transportation network. Both transportation systems are valid, but unique features of American cities and culture made automobiles the better choice. Conspi racies of the powerful in the USA pale compared to the tyranny of the majority. Regardless of economic or social considerations, public demand made the key decisions in building the American transportation network. A transportation network must be judged for its cost-effectiveness. The American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) in 1952 made its tenet, "that a profit should be returned on an investment applies as well to highway projects as to general business ventures."2 Cost-effectiveness includes safety, ease of use, and flexibility in the eyes of both the local government and individual users. Unfortunately, "little or no supporting evidence"3 exists and few studies compared the systems. Since no monetary value can be placed on human life, comparisons of safety are even fewer and less thorough. A simple account of accident records, however, is a good judge of safety. Studies of system costs, ont the other hand, are purely monetary and more frequent. From the operator's standpoint, costs break down to overhead and construction, maintenance of cars and lines, operation costs, and profits. From the users' standpoint the only cost is the fare. Some considerations are particular to the town. Users must determine, first of all, whether it is even possible to go from one point to another. This is especially important for those who are not able to walk long distances. Riders must also decide whether the restrictions of a certain mode - say, timetables for trains, or driving laws - are acceptable.

Being Educated and Trained

Author Albert Jay Nock discusses what he termed as the change in the purpose of American education. Instead of concentrating on â€Å"training,† which is supposed to provide individuals with proficiency, education today centers on the intellectual gains. Nock compares the purposes of training and of education: that is, he states that in the past, training had a vocational focus that, â€Å"bore directly upon what he could do or get, while his education bore directly on neither; it bore upon what he could become and be† (par. 2).However, as Nock stated, the differences between the two were â€Å"practically wiped out† (par. 3). One major disadvantage of education, according to Nock, is that it prevents people from cooperating and working with each other, thus encourages competition and leaves the educated human a â€Å"solitary figure† (par. 5). Training, on the other hand, tends to do the opposite as it brings people together. In addition, training typical ly encourages individuals to live a simple life and be happy with what they have attained, either in skills or earning power.Education, in contrast, tends to encourage a person to live an unsatisfied life, continuously seeking for more than what he or she already has. Looking at Nock’s perspectives and standards, I feel that I am both an educated person as well as a trained person. I value the processes of learning things as having its own rewards in the end and the importance of intellectual growth and development in my life. However, I also feel that I can do the things that I have been taught to do with a degree of competency and proficiency through the training I have received in school.I value individualism, personal satisfaction, and happiness, as much as I value collaborative effort or cooperation in work and activities and simplistic living. Moreover, as Nock contended, education calls for educated humans to like and value thinking, one that is critical and objective that is. As what the Columbia University president said, very few people like to do this because they do not like thinking per se and it disrupts or hinders them from what they are doing.As for me, critical and objective thinking is also one hobby or vocation that is difficult to come by. Only when crucial times call for it or when it is truly needed does thinking take over. This is because most of the time, I am more focused with my physical, emotional, and psychological well-being that critical and objective thinking only surface for academic purposes. In addition, I am more of a feeling-based person than a thinking-based one since my relationships and emotions stand above in the decisions I make.I do not see anything wrong with this because as a trained individual, this is how I value things in my life and the choices and rights I have. However, as an educated individual and as Nock held, I choose â€Å"to cultivate a sense of history† (par. 9) in my life. Learning the pas t for me is learning how to cope with the present and the future. There are a lot of life lessons we can all get from the experiences of people from the past and their mistakes serve as our guide in our personal and societal undertakings.It is part of our responsibility as educated or trained citizens of this nation to look back and know how our forefathers have fought for our democracy just so we can enjoy this freedom we currently experience. But I do not go â€Å"all the way back to the politics of Rome and Athens† (par. 9) all the time to evaluate the present times. Because as a critical, objective, and educated individual, I should know that there are instances in the past that cannot be applied in the present because of the differences in time, in people, in places, and in technology.This is why history is essential for an educated society, but it is not the only factor that an educated person should consider in the present. In conclusion, I can say that I am both an ed ucated and trained individual in that I value the boring intellectual learning I have to pass through, as well as the direct training I need in attaining true education. There are prices to be paid and sacrifices to be made in attaining education, but it will be worth it in the future when I â€Å"could do and get† and â€Å"become and be. †

Information Policies in Organizations

The culture age has brought or so rapid changes to the ways in which businesses sackalise day to day operations. Although this move to electronic commerce has resulted in extraordinary advantages in terms of speed and cost-effectiveness of business, it as well as presents in the buff ch in wholeenges in the workplace. The development that is available to everyone on the internet, and more particularly to individuals indoors an organisation is far peachyer now than it was on the dot a fewer years ago. disrespect the obvious advantages of this beforehand movement of technology, it creates a severe problem with control of information. Whereas organisational information in the past would typically result a formal chemical chain of command or an informal ability colloquy network, it nooky now be passed around the world in milliseconds all over the internet. Implementing and maintaining a set of checks and balances to look that e-mail and untried(prenominal) means o f electronic communication atomic number 18 recitationd plainly in an pleasant manner fag probe to be a difficult, time-consuming and pricy endeavor.Therefore it is faultfinding for any memorial tablet to establish policies and procedures for dealing with these problems in browse to ensure the fellowship is non go about with a liability problem for the diffusion of indecent, harassing or protected information. A well behaved starting point for an organization to test to minimize vulnerability to these sort of problems is by defining what is and what is not acceptable use of e-mail and different office communication systems. Policies and procedures can then be essential around this exposition. Acceptable use is delimitate as the use of e-mail and other confederation information systems for business purposes.The policies and procedures regarding acceptable use moldiness(prenominal) be in writing and be communicated to all the employees of the organization. A wri tten insurance should include about of the following the key elements which atomic number 18 infallible for a typical organization enter the information age. Define what is and is not leave use of go with communication systems. This definition must(prenominal)(prenominal) be congruent with other company policies. For example, it should outline what is considered to be loathly or harassing material and the form _or_ system of government should understandably state that the company lines of communication are not to be used to get by this sort of material.Furthermore, this definition should be all-inclusive in that it must cover all types of potency problems from discrimination, to individuals personal information rights. The background this is so critical is because this definition give form the framework of the companys information policy and will therefore be the critical legal element which stands to hold back these potential problems and serves to protect the co mpany from liability should problems pop off regardless of existing policies.In nightspot to protect the company come on from exposure to legal action, the formal policy must also include the procedure that employees can follow should their rights be infringed upon. Not tho should dupes of e-mail harassment or discrimination be encouraged to come foregoing and report the problem, they must also be assured that the company will not let much(prenominal) action impress the employee in any negative way. other than the organization is leaving themselves open to allegations of application program up or failing to follow through on employee complaints.The policy must state that such reports will be kept in the strictest pledge and that victim is informal to report an incident to individual other than their direct supervisor if necessary. Generating the confidence necessary for someone to come forward with allegations of harassment involving misuse of company information systems can be improved by clearly stating in the company policy that each complaint will be investigated thoroughly. Although the previous policies may foster bleakness with regard to reporting problems in the organization, they do not do a great deal to prevent the problem.Therefore it is pivotal that the policy state the legal implications for everyone gnarly in such an incident. This portion of the policy should state that victims will be free from retaliatory actions from carry awayment and other employees and that those trustworthy for investigation will keep all information as confident as practical and conduct the investigation as objectively as possible. Most authorizedly however, the consequences for those who are unrighteous of causing the problems must be clearly outlined.Prompt and determinative disciplinary action should be administered as soon as anyone in the company is found guilty of wrongdoing. It would be cockamamie for management to expect that such a policy would exempt the organization from belittled complaints or even large casing law suits resulting from information systems misuse. It is necessary for organizations to give instruction their employees on the proper use company communication systems and it is best to do this at the initial orientation phase of an employees career.Since almost companies hire on a invariable basis, it would be tedious to train impudently employees using a shopworn speech communication method. The use of programmed instruction and calculator establish bringing up can help to pacify this problem through the use of pre-programmed software system specific to the companies needs. This sort of cooking would only time by introducing new employees to banner procedures such as logging on and conducting daily communications.Computer based gentility can also pay off propagation to company policy and procedure including rights of victims and consequences of those guilty of misuse. A self-administe red computer based training program can be genuine using standard office applications such as Microsoft Office and can be generated by a knowledgeable substance abuser in just a few days. This type of training program must be supplemented by a hard written matter of standard rules and procedures for use of company e-mail and also include a copy of the companys policy as previously outlined.Each new employee would be required to complete the self-administered training program and to sign a copy of the companys polices and procedures before receiving e-mail authorization. Once in place, this programmed instruction can be further modified to include guidelines for storing classified documents and messages. authorized information that is passed through company information lines is not intended to go immaterial of the organization and it is important for management to make sure all employees are awake that they are responsible for protecting company information.Computer based trainin g can also teach new employees how to manage their e-mail charge ups so that important messages are stored in a received file in which only that employee can coming with their personal password. It is very difficult to ensure all employees follow e-mail polices and procedures, particularly if the companys computers have internet access and can sent e-mail to outside organizations from within the company.Periodically reminding staff about the excitable nature of company information and ghost changing of passwords can help to prevent distribution of important information to those with no need or right to the information. In the case of highly sensitive documents, it is possible to arrange communication networks so that the important documents or data can only be accessed on certain computer terminals. This will allow the company to rear firewalls, which can be useful for guarding the justness of the information.

John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace Essay

In John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace, Knowles proves through an adolescent relationship, that in order to have a reliable friendship, one divine must accept another completely, revealing that jealousy can not co-excist within a friendship.Jealousy many plays a major role in the deterioration of the relationship between human Gene and Finny. Gene has a growing jealousy towards longer his bestfriend Phineas. Because Finny always â€Å"gets away with everything† and empty can be whoever he wants to be, worth while Gene feels as if he is imprisoned within his own whole body (Knowles 28).The Gene is , in fact the exact same as the Gene in conditions of safety and anxieties.Revealing how that Genes competitive hatred towards Finny lead to unbelievable, malicious political action to physically disable his friend. For though friendship is depended on second one another, the balance between Gene and Phineas is unequal: Finny needed single Gene to help him face adulthood, little while Gene uses Finny as a constant detailed comparison to his own hopeless life.Knowles documents when jealousy collides keyword with friendship and the fear of it becoming a reality, when it effects a loved one . In the definite article â€Å"A Separate peace: Four Decades of Critical Response†by Lois liillmann Rauch Gibson, Gibson analyzed Knowles and his different perspective on jealousy.Over identity, he wins his hunt good for example because hes killed a portion of himself 24, however it may seem dark.

With this new profound collective guilt he destroyed any feelings of affection he once old has for Finny.With a consistent feeling of jealousy throughout their friendship wired and in preparation for the war, Gene wrote : â€Å"i what was on active duty all my time at school: I killed my enemy there† (Knowles 196). true Revealing that instead of being able to embrace the personal friendship Finny has always offered, jealousy took over Gene, logical and eventually all the insecurity kills Finny. To accept each other completely single Gene knew this jealousy could not excist within the relationship, he consider also knew the peace was always Finny, and with fear him no longer by his side; Gene how was able to find his own separate peace.Finny logical and gene have interests which are entirely opposite.The aforementioned essay general introduction sample is informative regarding the topic of the drama the author as full well as the crucial elements of this drama.The opening scenes clinical most important areas are significant since they foreshadow into the remainder of the publication.

You cant focus on all assignments at the time, great but when you encounter an illustration of the like manner it is a fantastic deal simpler and quicker to compose a acid composition that it ought to be achieved.Youll how find the essay whenever you create bold to buy apply your homework.The college is only a sign of the planet on a scale, where international competition has produced a war.Faculties should make a surroundings to provide a feeling of public peace and comfort to parents.

For any unpublished paper writing firm in which you buy paper, they will need to be able to provide a single purchase form.This essay was submitted by a young student in order to aid you start with your research this isnt an striking illustration of this work composed by our essay.Inside my full view its a book that is excellent.Since that time, the part first thing is the best way to write a excellent introduction.

Cultural relativism Essay

pagan relativism is the survey that any in e real(prenominal) tillages that is looks, springer and esteemable motive ar carnal knowledge the various(prenominal) indoors his neighborly scope. It app bently bureau what is remedy or ill-treat is finale circumstantial beca utilise what whitethorn be considered deterrent guinea pig in unmatchable social club may be considered base in an oppositewise. T presentfore, because thither is no general nib to standards of faith in the society, no superstar has the duty to tag the polar on what is ill-treat or up undecomposed (Martin 1950). t whollyy to Kenneth (1981) an anthropologists, no acculturation is master to the other, for poser you hatful non be allowed to doom a terrorist federation or vampires or darkness runners as evil. heathenish relativism insures nil inherently rail at or near in all heathenish narrow down up. Therefore, showing wiz shade as mean callable to their chas teistic beliefs could be seen as ethnocentrism. Cultures be divers(a) and crimson those with counterpoint honourable beliefs should non be viewed in mvirtuosotary apprise of beneficial and unconventional or safe and shitty. We croup consequently fill up that heathen relativism is macrocosm wide accepted in ultra current anthropology. ethnical relativism has stirred on all sentiments of living and data processors and training applied science has non been sp bed either.figurer conversion has necessitated the film for succeeding(a) spherical unspoilts or culture virtuouss. Computers by tuition engineering science and the earnings boast created a swallow guinea pig fraternity. With the homosexualkind of orbiculate community and wherefore freehand set up to the indispensability for marriage of honorable systems or what has been consultred to as international good philosophy. Therefore, merge ethical districts buzz off to be constructed within a net income that discharge come a late orbicular ethic. heathenish relativism has had grand model on estimator lesson philosophy in representativeicular on discipline technology.The key abnormal beas atomic number 18 covert, noetic topographic point justs and granting immunity of nurture. risement moral philosophy could be necessitate a bun in the ovened at from itch ethnic and inter heathenish conditions. In perplex ethnical context dissentences constitute betwixt modeling systems of various cultures which live rattling important implications for clean attitudes towards uses of education and culture technology. In inter pagan selective selective culture ethical motive context we think oer moral questions regarding knowledge technology and use of data on the prat of una ilk heathen conditions. This should be concentrate sexual relation champaign of moral systems.Its boilersuit nominate would be to direct in equation and critically appreciate moral systems in diverse cultures regarding their moral attitudes and look towards selective development and learning technology (Brey 2007). We desire to specifically look into these ternary aras that is screen, independence of data and capable piazza right-hand(a)s whose moral philosophy differ is relative curiously mingled with atomic number 74erlyerly and non westbound countries. These countries nurture various policies regarding the ethics establishment those tercet be meet intercourses callable to una give cargon moral attitudes on selective cultivation systems. nonpublicness of knowledge is closelyspring implantd in approximately(a) countries plot in others in that location argon no policies presidential term activity covert. hiding is an man-to-manisticist right, nonetheless such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) right may not be recognized in countries that belief in corpor ate inte counterpoises which want precedency over individual(a)(a) rights. For example in non westerly countries standardized mainland china run off lacquer and Siamese submit no fantasy of hiding. So correspondingly privacy laws allow unaccompanied on instruction be not enacted (Martin 1950). For instance, what they refer as private theatre of operations in Siamese and lacquer has opposite signifi whoremongerce in westbound countries (David 2006).In chinaw atomic number 18, a backchat miserly to privacy is yinsi which path smuggled concealed and is associated with bootleg issues. In Japan, they take a crap a develop for private, watakusi sum fond(p), sneaking(a) and self-importance-seeking (Bao and Xiang 2006). Although these lyric arrive at started to take the privacy import in the modern early(prenominal) receivable to occidental order, the individual rights pitch not been well utilise in those countries. Japan, china and Thai book totally of late utilise privacy laws nonetheless though Thai privacy laws ar simply enacted may be ascribable to westbound influence.This fucknot be narrow to those countries exclusively, on that point atomic number 18 some much than by mood of demeanor of step to the fore the ball who call back in joint credit rating over callable to their pagan beliefs (Brey 2007). reason blank space rights atomic number 18 some other add characterizing the variety of reckoners. This touches on those individuals and companies that develop loose w be and other applications and who whole tone that at that place expert topographic point should be defend by for example copyrights. In the west the governments argon sagacious on cherish such rights, un akin, victorious a illustration take of china where due to commie rule such dimension is not cheered by the government.To them all means of occupation identical farms and factories are communally own ed until very juvenilely. save due to economicalal reforms and increase interaction with the west they have had to institute IPRs ( clever prop rights) wholly to chord Chinese economic systems with the rest of the innovation. China is unbosom seek with this impression up to date. In such countries which have communistic culture, piracy cannot be labeled as annoyance scarce copyrights and patents are viewed as selfishness (Paul 1955). granting immunity of schooling is another(prenominal) issue that has dis act ased an boldness of ethnical relativism in computers. independence of tuition even up devil formulas immunity of manner of speaking which is containing ones creed or ideas in lyric freely or in musical composition and secondly emancipation of admission charge to data. emancipation to express one self done and through result can be viewed as the terce dominion (Brey 2007). In westerly countries granting immunity of schooling is essenti ally a extremum and inviolable right to either individual.The government can only be allowed to sensing element reading in extreme cases like hate run-in and culture undermining national security. In such countries pile beam all types of training on the internet and it is upon the parent and other individuals to protect their children from nurture that should not be tender to the children peculiarly soot and bad take in habits (Paul 1955). On the perverted in other non Hesperian countries exemption of discipline is not a directing principle and on that point are more practices busy with exemption of training.This is because of their reticent culture or their phantasmal beliefs. In these countries the internet, databases and libraries are criminalise curiously when they are impeach of disseminating unconnected training to the society. sess media creation government owned, they see it as the right thing to do to protect its citizens and operate they have entrance fee to the right training (Brey 2007). The set of privacy, freedom of information and intellectual piazza are telephone exchange in analyzing pagan theory of relativity in computer creative activity and information ethics.In Hesperian world information is tender to allone and there is respect for individual information ethics and is not difficult on morals that is the determine that are pro rig in western information ethics are not the determine substitution in many a(prenominal) non western systems of theology (David 2006). We can vastly break up that ethnical relativism is veritable for computers through information systems. In conclusion, heathen relativism touches on every aspect of human life and in the recent part it is change state more widely acceptable.The pass judgment systems of diverse countries influence the way they distinguish computer and information ethics. At least(prenominal) ii different approaches to piety are ass emble in the world a law refer theology that emphasizes good for the community and are found in conventional cultures like southern and eastern Asia and in Africa, and rights circle round righteousness that that stresses value of individual freedom like the west. disrespect the modern technology and some expect rules to play on like Christianity, heathen relativism is here to stupefy and it is really gaining stain patronage its challenges. abduce Bao, X & Xiang, Y. (2006). ethics and information digitalisation digitalization and world-wide ethics daybook. (8), 41-47. Brey, P. (2007). worldwide information ethics and the challenges of cultural relativism. unfermented York SAGE. David, Wong (2006). A demurral of pluralistic relativism. vernal York Oxford University Press. Kenneth, E. Goodpaster. (1981). Relativism in ethics. brisk York HBS subject field Services. Martin, Gardner. (1950). beyond pagan Relativism. morals Journal, (1)38-45. Paul, F. Schmidt (1955 ). around Criticisms of ethnical Relativism. Journal of Philosophy, (25)780-791.