Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 24

November 13, 1864 I am cursed. It is obvious now. Maybe that's what being a vampire means. Maybe tragedy and evil come with the hunger and the fangs; it isn't just having to live off human blood. It is the unending aloneness, being cut off from real life and from real relationships. Death will always be there to separate me from those I loved. There is a scroll of names in my head, and the list kept getting longer every day. Rosalyn was the first to die because of me. Katherine couldn't stand that I was engaged, so she killed the girl. Even Katherine's blood was on my hands. Though she came into my and my brother's lives and turned them upside down. She died as a result of my actions. I should never have tried to reason with my father, never tried to convince him of a different viewpoint. As soon as he confided in me about the vampire hunt, I should have done everything I could to get Katherine out of town. Pearl. She, too, could have escaped. I don't know exactly what her story was, but she seemed far more peaceable than Katherine. Alice the barmaid. All the humans I fed on in New Orleans. Too many to name, even if I had bothered learning their names. They were just unlucky folk who accidentally crossed my path when I was hungry or needed something. Callie. She died because I was stupid enough to think that she would be rewarded for helping out two vampires. The Sutherlands. Bridget, Lydia, Mrs. Sutherland, and Winfield. A normal family who just happened to catch the attention of one insane, vengeful vampire. And now Lexi. Lexi should have stayed in New Orleans in her hostel for the undead, safe in her own world where she could continue her own version of doing good. She will be the next to die unless I figure out how to save her. I have spent too much time in New York bemoaning my fate, moping, feeling cursed. By standing idly by, by complaining, I am letting evil occur all around me. Now is the time for action, for justice. I must channel my loneliness and despair into rage. I must stop being a coward, as I've always been, in both life, when I let my father bully me into a marriage I didn't want, and in death, when I've allowed Damon to torture me and kill the people I love. Never again will I let others bend me to their will. From now on I will fight. And I will free Lexi, if it is the last thing I do. I crumpled the piece of paper in my fist, growling with anger. How had he taken her? I hadn't heard a thing, even with my vampire senses. The servants, a couple of mice and rats in the walls, but nothing else. The vampire Lucius had come in complete silence and managed to seize – or disable – Lexi before she was able to cry out. What speed, what Power this beast must have! But for all of the vampire's ancientness, for all that he was a â€Å"direct descendant from Hell,† for all of the monster he was, he had, with that single piece of paper, revealed one very human weakness about himself. He had a very petty need to gloat. If Damon were in his place, I would have come downstairs and seen Lexi dead on the floor. But the beast wanted me to know that everyone around me was in danger, to scare me before he killed me. Now there was only one thing on my mind. If Lexi was still alive, it was my duty to go after her and save her. And if she wasn't alive†¦ it was my right and pleasure to kill Klaus's foot soldier. This I swore. What was it he had said in the prison? An eye for an eye. He took something valuable from me and Damon, our wives and their family, because we had taken Katherine from him. But the Sutherlands were human, of no importance and very easily disposed of. His beloved Katherine died in a church fire. What if†¦ The words struggled to the surface of my brain. What if he planned on killing Lexi the same way? Suddenly I felt like I had a chance again. But which church? There had to be hundreds in the city. I ran outside. The smell of decay hung heavy in the air, as though Lucius had unwittingly laid a path for me. I followed it south, feeling as though I were gaining strength with each step that brought me closer to where Lexi might be – and who I should be. I had tried to stay away from humans, and that hadn't worked. I had tried living with them, with disastrous results. But I had never tried a more moderate path. I would never be human, but I could help them, as I'd helped Bridget that night in the park. I could never live among humans, but I could find companionship among humans like Mrs. Sutherland and vampires like Lexi. Those ties would tether me to this world and keep me honest. I ran past a brick town house and grabbed a pigeon in midflight from the air, tearing into its neck for extra fuel. The stench was stronger now, and I saw an Irish Catholic church just two streets away. I knew people had actually been worried about this particular structure being torched, as had been done to others during the religious riots in Pennsylvania. But the place was quiet, with several old women sitting in the front pews, and oddly, the scent of decay that had permeated the air outside so strongly had evaporated. There was no odor of anything besides candles and incense burning at the altar. I slunk into a back pew and regarded the rose oculus window. The scene depicted a grieving Mother Mary in lapis lazuli blue as the sun, a bloody garnet, rose behind her. I closed my eyes and thought, hard. Why had Lucius thrown me off his scent? Was I wrong to assume that he wanted to bait me, so I could arrive at the correct church just as he put the match to the powder keg? What church would he choose – and why? Then it hit me: I was being stupid. The vampire had done due diligence and found out exactly where my bride's family lived; he wouldn't have just chosen a random church to burn down. He would have picked the chapel in which I was married. I knew the truth of this deep in my bones. But just as surely I knew that I couldn't go after him by myself. And there was only one person who was capable of helping me. Damon. Damon, who had trapped me into the stupid marriage that got the Sutherlands all killed. Damon, who had killed Callie. Damon, who swore to make my life a living hell for all eternity. But in the end I needed him. I had seen him control his powers in ways I could not. And I would need all the Power I could get on my side if I was to find a way to defeat an old one. Lexi had rescued us from prison, and surely even someone as debased and fallen as Damon would recognize that we owed her. The only problem was finding him. And now, I think I'm ready for a drink was what he had said. For most vampires that only meant one thing. For my brother, well, he could easily have meant hitting the bottle as well as draining a person or two. But where? In the weeks between following me to New York and â€Å"finding† me at the Chesters' ball, he had, as Lexi said, been sweeping the New York society scene as an Italian count. He had probably talked – or compelled – his way into any number of private clubs or restaurants. I wracked my brains, trying to remember the prattle Bridget had bored me with, about who was seen where with whom, and where was the latest place to go, and how there was an oyster bar serving genuine Pimm's Cup, just like in England. For lack of any better idea, I went there first. It was a lovely place in an otherwise unwholesome area at the southern seaport. Uncertain-looking sailors wandered from pool of streetlight to pool of streetlight, gathering in twos and threes to quietly discuss the seedier side of import and export, laugh loudly, and sing old drinking songs. Among all of this rotting seaweed, though, fancy livery and decorated carriages were parked: society men lured by the oysters, Pimm's Cups, and the dangerous aspect of the place. Inside there were quite a few of the young men I had seen at the Chesters' ball, as well as at my own wedding. Even Bram was there, but he was keeping to himself and looked ill. His face was ashen and his eyes sunken, and he wore black ribbons around his sleeves for mourning. His drink was untouched and he just stared sadly out the windows at the river. I turned my back to him, not wanting him to call out that a murderer – as he no doubt thought I was – was in their midst. I beckoned for the hostess to come over. â€Å"Has D – uh, the Count DeSangue been by here tonight?† I asked. The girl looked me up and down, face flushing with excitement. â€Å"With him accused of murder and this being his favorite place and me being his favorite girl, what on earth would make me tell you something like that?† I could see by the thick scarf she wore around her neck that she wasn't just warding off the cold night air – this had definitely been one of Damon's haunts. I started to reach into my pocket for bribe money. She saw where I was going and shook her head. â€Å"Not on your life, love. Not for Damon.† â€Å"You have no idea who he is, or what you're getting involved in,† I growled, grabbing her wrist. Her face fell and she tried to struggle out of my grasp. â€Å"Listen to me. I'm Stefan Salvatore – the other man accused of murdering the Sutherlands. Neither one of us did it, all right? We're both on the run from the police. Now tell me where he is.† I didn't compel her. I didn't exactly threaten her. But she nodded mutely and I relaxed my grip. â€Å"I don't know,† she said, rubbing her wrist. â€Å"I know he liked a drink at some of those fancy uptown places like the Skinny Black Cat and Xerxes' Repose. He even had his own table at the Twenty-Two Club.† At that moment a waitress came out. â€Å"Are you talking about the count?† she asked, an excited grin spreading across her face. I sighed. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Well, he once took me to Strange Fruit just a few blocks down.† â€Å"He took you on a date?† the hostess said, envy apparent in her voice. The waitress nodded proudly. â€Å"Thank you,† I said, meaning it. Lexi or Damon would have compelled the women to forget me at that point. I sighed, thinking about how much easier life would be if my Powers were stronger and my will weaker. I checked Winfield's pocket watch. It was five A.M.; an hour had passed since Lexi and I had first entered the mansion. Time was ticking by far too quickly for my liking, and every minute seemed to seal Lexi's fate more completely. Seconds later I was standing inside the door of Strange Fruit, a large, low, dark bar with giant wooden fans slowly turning overhead. The sailors who couldn't get into the oyster bar were there, along with every type of shady personality, lost soul, and criminal genius that managed to stay just this side of the law. Damon sat at a small rickety table by himself in just his shirtsleeves, a half-empty bottle of bourbon before him. â€Å"Nursing your wounds?† I asked, walking over. He didn't even bother looking surprised. â€Å"A minor setback, brother. Don't forget I have those dowry checks. As soon as things quiet down a bit I, and they, are out of this town.† â€Å"Doubtful any bank would cash a check for a suspected murderer.† â€Å"You really need to stop thinking like a human and start thinking like a vampire. There is no bank teller I can't compel.† He stretched languorously and poured some drink into his glass. Then he offered the glass to me, and chugged a big swallow directly from the bottle. â€Å"I need your help,† I said, pushing the glass away. I handed him the piece of paper and filled him in on what had happened. He squinted his eyes as he read it. â€Å"So?† I looked at him, gape-mouthed. â€Å"He has Lexi,† I repeated. Then, afraid he was too drunk to understand what that meant, I pointed out the obvious. â€Å"We have to save her!† â€Å"Mm.† He thought about it for a moment. â€Å"Nope.† He made a big show of slowly kicking his legs back up onto the table, as if he had been in the midst of an important activity when I had interrupted him. â€Å"What is wrong with you?† I demanded. â€Å"You saw him – he'll destroy her!† â€Å"So what?† Damon asked. â€Å"It was her choice to come to New York. No one asked her to come up here.† â€Å"She got us out of prison – â€Å" â€Å"We, excuse me, I was doing, just fine in that department. You forget. We could have gotten out on our own. We didn't need her for that. She was meddling. If further meddling got her captured, well, that's her own damn fault.† The anger that had ignited in me upon finding the note from the beast was now stoked into a rage that almost had me turning into full vampire mode. For just a moment, I didn't care who saw me. â€Å"You,† I said, trying to calm down, trying to put the blackness I felt into words. Damon sat up and looked me in the eye almost eagerly, waiting for the fight. â€Å"You are†¦ you are†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I spat. â€Å"I am what you made me,† Damon said dully, lifting his glass as though to toast me. I grabbed his shoulders. â€Å"No. You don't have to be a heartless killer. Even Katherine wasn't that.† Damon's eyes flashed. â€Å"Don't speak to me about who Katherine was! I knew her better than you did.† I shook my head. â€Å"Even you know that's not true. You loved her more, but I knew her just as well. All Katherine wanted was for the three of us to be together forever. She would not have wanted us to be at odds, fighting. She would not have wanted this.† The surprise and anger on his face at what I'd said was almost worth it. Almost. â€Å"I'm going to save Lexi. Or die trying. And if by some miracle I don't die – I never want to see you again.† And before he could prepare some witty comeback or some threat, I banged my way out into the night, leaving my brother behind forever.

Existence of youth culture Essay

There is debate within the scientific community about whether or not youth culture exists. Some researchers argue that youth’s values and morals are not distinct from those of their parents, which means that youth culture is not a separate culture. Others note that we must be cautious about extrapolating a current effect to other periods of history. Just because we see the presence of what seems to be a youth culture today does not mean that this phenomenon extends to all generations of young people. Additionally, peer influence varies greatly between contexts and by sex, age, and social status, making a single â€Å"youth culture† difficult, if not impossible, to define. Others argue that there are definite elements of youth society that constitute culture, and that these elements differ from those of their parents’ culture. Janssen et al. have used the terror management theory (TMT) to argue for the existence of youth culture.[5] TMT is a psychological concept that hypothesizes that culture originates from an attempt to cope with the knowledge of their mortality. Society does this by adopting a worldview and developing self-esteem. Researchers test TMT by exposing people to reminders of their mortality. TMT is supported if being reminded of death causes people to cling more strongly to their worldview. Janssen et al. tested the following hypothesis: â€Å"If youth culture serves to help adolescents deal with problems of vulnerability and finiteness, then reminders of mortality should lead to increased allegiance to cultural practices and beliefs of the youth.† Their results supported their hypothesis and the results of previous studies, suggesting that youth culture is, in fact, a culture. Schwartz and Merten used the language of adolescents to argue for the presence of youth culture as distinct from the rest of society. Schwartz argued that high school students used their vocabulary to create meanings that are distinct to adolescents. Specifically, the adolescent status terminology (the words that adolescents use to describe hierarchical social statuses) contains qualities and attributes that are not present in adult  status judgments. According to Schwartz, this reflects a difference in social structures and the way that adults and teens experience social reality. This difference indicates cultural differences between adolescents and adults, which supports the presence of a separate youth culture.

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay Example for Free (#3)

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay Macbeth (632) , Drama (623) , Fleance (115) Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. Discuss how â€Å"The Banquet Scene† has been realised on screen and consider the effectiveness of its portrayal. Shakespeare was born in 1564 when Elizabeth the First was Queen of England. Shakespeare did not go to university when he left school; instead, he worked. He married Anne Hathway when he was eighteen and she became the mother of his daughter, Susanna, and also of twins. Although there are many public documents concerned with his career as a writer and a businessman, Shakespeare has hidden his personal life from us. A nineteenth century poet, Matthew Arnold, addressed Shakespeare in a poem and wrote: â€Å"We ask and ask – Thou smilest, and art still†. There is not even a portrait of the world’s greatest Dramatist. I am going to look at the banquet scene, in my opinion, one of the most important scenes in â€Å"Macbeth†; it shows many sides to both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The scene opens with the couple welcoming all the guests to their Banquet, the atmosphere is warm and jolly, and everyone is joking and enjoying themselves. The atmosphere becomes more sombre when one of Banquo’s murderers arrives with news for Macbeth. Although Banquo is â€Å"safe†, Fleance on the other hand has † ‘scap’d â€Å". Macbeth tries to â€Å"Act like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t† in front of his guests, but this does not last for long, the guilt gets the better of Macbeth and causes him to hallucinate. The Lords were all very confused, and so, Lady Macbeth tries to cover-up for her husband by telling them all that Macbeth suffers from an illness, which causes him to behave in such a manner. â€Å"Sit, worthy friends – My Lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth†. â€Å"The fit is momentary – upon a thought he will be well again†. The two productions I am going to look at are Roman Polanski’s 1971 Production along with Gregory Doran RSC production. In Gregory Doran’s production, Macbeth’s house resembles a prison. The front foyer is very bare, with lots of different entrances: this is trying to show us that Macbeth is imprisoned in his world of guilt. Macbeth is dressed as a soldier, which gives me the impression he is at war, maybe Doran is trying to put across the fact that Macbeth is trying to fight against all of the evil. Roman Polanski dressed Macbeth in beautiful robes; Macbeth is also wearing his crown. This makes me think Macbeth is in total control of everything. Both producers hold the Banquet in a large, dull, cold room, this symbolises the fact that Macbeth has nowhere to hide; it also creates a tense atmosphere. In Polanski’s production, Macbeth sees Banquo and he goes mad! â€Å"Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee!† He continues to rant and rave at this ghost of Banquo, whom only Macbeth can see. He frightens and startles not only the lords, but also Lady Macbeth. We know this by the look of worry on her face. She then pulls her husband aside to try and help him see sense. He sees what she is trying to say and returns to normality, but this only lasts for a matter of moments, and then Macbeth resumes to his fit of madness again. Macbeth is gradually loosing control. While Macbeth moves back, Banquo continues to advance. As both men keep moving, the camera becomes Banquo. We see high angle shot of Macbeth; it seems as though Banquo is looking down upon Macbeth and that he is now the one in control. Lady Macbeth tries to make excuses for her husband’s behaviour by saying â€Å"Sit worthy friends: My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth: pray you, keep seat: the fit is momentary: upon a thought he will be well again†. We then see a long shot of the lords at the table; they all look very puzzled and confused. By this time, Macbeth is in a corner, on the ground with Banquo towering over him, he moves in closer and closer, then Banquo is cut, and Macbeth is left sitting on the ground, a trembling wreck. Gregory Doran’s RSC Production is very similar to Polanski’s. He also shows Macbeth being overpowered by Banquo. When Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth aside to try and snap him out of his â€Å"fit†, he is unable to look her in the eye, he keeps watching the ghost of Banquo. He realises what his wife is trying to say, and so he returns to his normal self again. The way that Macbeth is changing personalities so suddenly in this scene reminds me of a schizophrenic, it’s almost as though he has some kind of mental disorder. Macbeth tries to laugh it off and composes himself. However, this only lasts for a moment. When Macbeth sees Banquo again, he drops his chalice, and the white wine spills onto the floor. This is an interesting observation because all the other products I watched used red wine, a sign of evil and danger, but white reminds me of innocence. Maybe Gregory Doran feels that Macbeth was innocent and this is why he uses white wine rather than red. He may feel it was the witches, or maybe Lady Macbeth’s influence that encouraged him to do all those evil things. Personally, I feel it was Lady Macbeth that caused him to go through with Duncan’s murder, but yet again, how many could be talked into murder without desiring it themselves? Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. (2017, Oct 14).

Portrayals within the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Portrayals within the media - Essay Example Under the above mentioned, the presentation of issues or images related with drugs should be more limited both to its content and to its time and it should be focused to the methods of the problem's resolution and to the risk related with them trying to avoid to become a kind of advertisement on their usage (Kay, 2002). Mostly the last years, the behavior of media towards the issue of drugs can be characterized as having 'two-aspects'. The first aspect is characterized from the existence of emissions and advertisements that have as a target to show that drugs are the 'killers' of the body and the mind as well as of discussions transmitted through the radio in which the experiences of people that have passed from this condition are analyzed in order to prove the danger related with the specific problem as well as the possible methods to face it when occurs in terms of reality. In this context, the portrayals of the drugs and the drug users are characterized mainly by the detailed analysis of the negative aspects of the situation as well as of its direct and indirect results on peoples' lives. On the other hand, the so-called 'lifestyle' of modern society, which is presented continuously through the media, refers mostly to the 'easy life', the 'easy money' through the 'easy dreams' and - on purpose or no - creates the need for the acquisition of a series of products and of a certain style of life which is not achievable to the majority of people. Under these terms the people are influenced that this way of life (the easy one) is the perfect situation and the ideal acquaintance. Very often people that live in such a style of life are presented as ideally happy even if it is known that they have drug addiction. In the worst situations, this use is just mentioned as an aspect of a person's life as not a really bad or negative condition and the drug usage is indirectly presented as the normal consequence (even a requirement') of this way of life. Greene and Krcmar (2005, 71, 72) made a research on the influence of media to the human behavior. They found that 'argumentativeness is positively related to violent movie exposure, real crime television exposure and violent television exposure'. Moreover, they stated that 'argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness' have been found to be 'better predictors of violent media exposure than they are of violent media linking'. Furthermore, 'violent movie exposure was found to be positively related to risk taking, whereas horror movie viewing was negatively related to risk taking'. Their research did not refer specifically to the drugs and the drug users. However, their influence to the human behavior could be analogous if considering that in real terms the drug use is a 'violation of health' especially when considering the results and to that point the effects of images of such a content could have the same effect to the human behavior as the movies that contain violence. To the above direction Gutwill and Hollander (2002, 263) examined the issue of the interaction between the human behavio

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a significant incident from Essay

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a significant incident from your own experience in which help was needed by another pers - Essay Example Although, adapting to the environment and compromising is sometimes the only way to survive in these times, stronger and more successful are those men who stick to their principles and never deviate no matter what. It is to such people that our world still has a little bit of dignity and humanity left. Many like instances have occurred in my life, forcing me to choose and make important decisions that firmed the path of my life forward and laid foundation of my relationships with people involved. I will quote here one such instance and describe the event and its consequences in detail. I was thirteen years old at that time. Recently, reunited with an old friend who went to US for few years and returned that summer, I used to spend a lot of time playing and chatting with her. We had been together since we both were two years old; added to the fact that we were neighbors; nothing that we did not share and knew about each other. Be it clothes, toys, books, stationary or lunch, we never kept anything to ourselves. Same school, same classes, same locality, we were inseparables. Although her recent visit to US that took a little longer than expected, was a frustrating time for me since I was not a crowd-loving person, and had very few close friends, it did not prove successful in ruining our friendship. When she returned, we reunited with double energy, like the two ends of rubber bands, which doubles their momentum once they are suspended from their farthest ends. Revisiting old memories and catching up on new ones became our favorite pastime. Nevertheless, as they say, the only constant thing on this earth is change (Rupert, 1). Like all good things, this had to end too. Whilst catching up on each other’s recent past stories, I found out that she was dating a boy in our neighborhood ever since she went to US. Amazed and shocked by her recent updates, I decided to keep it to myself only since her reputation was dear to me. On hearing more, I found out that no one in her family knew about the boy, which troubled me a little. Now, it is important to understand why it was a big deal. Since our community is very conservative about inter-gender relationships, young teenagers seen dating or even talking together were scandalized and reprimanded. Therefore, my first reaction was that of fear and anxiety since I did not want her to get into any trouble. Nevertheless, the daring and spoiled kid she had always been, she did not pay attention to me. Now, I turn to the climax where the incident occurred. So one fine day, I was at home, alone since it was afternoon, and my mother had gone to shop for groceries. I hear a doorbell and I saw my friend in the peephole, surprised and delighted at the same time. When I opened it, she greeted me with over excitement and it was then when I sensed something weird. I asked her to come inside to which she declined. Then, she stated her purpose, which caught me by utter despair and shock. She announced that she was going to see her boyfriend at his place and wanted me, her best friend, to accompany her. Now this was a real tricky situation for a recently turned teenager who had a picture-perfect life with no such deviant experiences. I looked at her in complete disbelief to which she gave an incredibly surprising normal reaction. I tried to talk her out of it but she would not listen. She kept on arguing and convincing me to agree to her crazy

Branding, Pricing and Distribution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Branding, Pricing and Distribution - Assignment Example Based on psychographic variables, BEVRET offers a drink not just to quench thirst but as a lifestyle beverage. Thus the beverage should be promoted as a drink that stirs imagination. The tagline for the brand should be Drink fresh; Live life! Or, we love to see you live! This is meant to attract people who want to really live and not just exist! Brands are sold through feelings and the brand should be able to create an emotional link between the consumer and the brand (Moorthi, 2004). The logo should be trendy and carry the flavor of the new age and be futuristic. It should feature in all points of communication. Since most popular brands in Europe have been selling for a long time, BEVRET should create a point of differentiation in packaging. This differentiation is essential as the product will sit on the shelf with probably ten other products. It should use neon colors in packaging because color is the first touch point with the customer. Color influences emotion and the first poi nt of interaction is shaped by color. About 60-80% of the purchase decision is based on product color (Markowitz, 2010). Neon colors are bright and attract immediate attention. Apart from color, packaging should also focus on the container in which beer is sold. If the container can be made of a material that can be used to drink beer as well, small package containing one serving of beer, it would serve multi-purpose, benefit the customer, benefit the environment and also be cost-effective for the company. To enhance branding, BEVRET should have strong activity on the social media. Europeans are sport lovers and hence sponsorship of sports can enhance brand value. In addition, as the social media is the most popular promotional tool, BEVRET should invite online discussions on short documentaries created on sports personalities. Its tagline and logo should be included in all its mails that go viral. The tagline should become the point of identification for the brand. In addition, the brand should associate with leading restaurants and pubs, and participate in events such as Valentine’s Day. Promotion material can take the form of messages made viral through the social media. The events should be promoted through the social media and special beer offers should be made for those purchasing coupons through the social media. Promotional brochures should also be placed at all convenience stores, at the local gyms, pubs and social clubs. These brochures can carry limited validity coupons as a market entry strategy, offering discounts. Initially for the first few months, the company can distribute free t-shirts with BEVRET logo and tagline with a certain amount of purchases. Pricing Pricing decision includes profit margins, discounts, margin for retailers and wholesalers. It also has to be based on product demand and competitor pricing. Competition is high and the beer market is concentrated and hence the pricing has to consider competition pricing. When the br and value increases, pricing can be increased but initially to capture a sizeable market, pricing should be kept low. At the same time, discounts can be offered in markets closer to breweries as the transportation costs would be low or negligible. Within Europe beer prices differ across regions and countries. The variation in prices can be considerable and these variations occur because of cost variations as well as the ability of the brewers to price discriminate (EconomicsOnline, 2011). If certain necessary conditions are

Poetry Explication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Poetry Explication - Essay Example The title of the poem is relevant to helping the reader understand that the use of the term ‘house’ is metaphorical. This is because had problems that were considered as abnormal. The speaker does so to describe a close relationship between occupants of the house that disintegrated. Various figures of speech including personification, symbolism, imagery, metaphors, and allegory are used to create layers of meaning. The use of personification is seen when the author suggests that the house has feelings and suffers hurt. This is further supported by him saying that, â€Å"some rooms declared their loyalties/ keeping to themselves, keeping out the other†( Stanza 4, Lines 2-3). The use of symbolism, on the other hand, cannot be denied as the house itself is seen as a symbol of a close relationship that fell apart. The slamming of doors, angry feet scuffing the carpets are words used that are representative of the conflict that was ongoing. Confirmation of this is in s tanza 3 in reference to the shouting, threats, half apologies. There is a slight interest in the speaker trying to resolve the conflict. However, the conflict went irreversible far. This is explained by him saying, â€Å"Lines were drawn, borders established, some rooms declared their loyalties/ keeping to themselves, keeping out the other† (Stanza 4, Lines 1-3). The speaker’s words are also encompassed in imagery appealing mostly to the auditory and visual senses. For example, the uses of the term slamming, scuffing, shouting are some of the words that stimulate our auditory senses to get a feel of what was actually happening in the house. The visual senses on other hand are stimulated by the use of the words such as cracking to describe paint, broken to describe windows, which create a mental picture about the state of the house. In fact, the audience can easily visualize and dramatize in their minded the extent to

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance Dissertation

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance - Dissertation Example 53 List of Figures and Appendices Figure 1: Preference of companies for different performance appraisal measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 Figure 2: Satisfaction levels of employee on different measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 32 Figure 3: Factors influencing motivation of employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 34 Figure 4: Alternative measures in influencing employee performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 Appendix 1: The Gantt Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 46 Appendix 2: Questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 47 I. Executive Summary Organizations in the modern times are all the more improving and adopting new measures towards their performances. Performance management has always been an integral part of every organization dealing with the employee performance study and determining ways to improve the employee performances. The current study deals with an understanding of the capability of a performance appraisal system in influencing the employee performance within an organization. The focus of the study has been to understand whether there is a need to incorporate alternative measures within organizations to effectively influence organizational employees. The study has taken both primary and secondary sources as its study materials. While the secondary sources based on the previous researches conducted on the concerned topic, the primary sources were based on the interviews and survey responses conducted on some of the companies in London, the participants being the organizational members and managers. The complete study has clearly reflected the fact that although performa nce appraisal systems are doing well and are quite significant in... From this dissertation it is clear that employees are an organization’s most important assets. Their satisfaction, good performance, positive attitude, creativity, adaptability etc. are very important for the growth of any organization. Human Capital in an organization does not refer simply to the people working for an organization. It can be seen in terms of the total collective worth of the capabilities, skill-sets, prior-experiences, knowledge and motivation present in an organizational workforce. Human capital is of supreme importance in organizations mainly because of the huge cost that is incurred on them and also because of the fact that if properly guided, human capital has the power to take an organization to a much higher level. Going by the huge amount of literature available on this topic, it can be said that the idea of monitoring and guiding the performance of both, an individual and the organization as a whole, is not a new concept. The origin of performance man agement can be traced back to the period of First World War when the assessment used to have the personality of the individual as the criteria of assessment. During the 1960s, the appraisal practice shifted its focus towards the setting of organizational goals and assessing an individual on the basis of performance related competencies and not personality. The late years of 1980 and the whole of 1990 witnessed the organizations undergoing a lot of quick change. During this period, the appraisal system had become the core process of managing the workforce and the organization as a whole.

Russian Realism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Russian Realism - Coursework Example o non-influential parts of radical educational institutions generates diverse generations for radicalized youth that makes reconciliation more difficult to attain. The vicious cycle surrounding natural recourses is only broken with massive political reforms in which oil regimes of Russian energy industry resist. Russia ranks as one of the leading natural gas suppliers in the world. The country has been in close competition with the U.S. as top leading producer of energy in terms of oil. Russia holds one formidable position for energy exportation. The aspect of statutory intervention of European Union as well as former Soviet Union narrows as major Russian energy importers. Such media coverage for the ‘gas crisis’ can be highlighted to be an incremental growth for energy security politicization in the region as well as global politics. On the other hand, the establishment of Europe’s access of reliable and relatively cheaper energy supplies together with Russian adventurism presents a major threat to continued reliance for hydrocarbons while establishing international energy security future. The growth of Russia’s international prominence has an inextricable link to the available natural energy resources. The broader price increases for oil and gas from the mid-200 0s has placed Russia as an influential component of global politics while negotiating positions of financial collapse. The recent decades have marked successive economic growth years. Growth in demand allows for Russian energy prospects to be a bargaining chip and placing the country’s position top OPEC countries and Middle East. The regions are marked by continuous conflicts that undermine supply’s reliability. Europe is mostly dependent on Russia to gain up to 40 percent of gas while 33% of the oil supplies continue increasing based on expectations. On the other hand, China approximately imports up to 10 percent of gas from northern neighbors. The national and energy security problems

Analysis of Industrial Relations Law Research Paper

Analysis of Industrial Relations Law - Research Paper Example Her self-professed aim was to shift the balance of power in industry and restore management prerogative in the workplace. The extent to which her policies succeeded in transforming the character of production politics and industrial performance has been the subject of intense debate. One line of argument suggests that, in contrast to the Donovan reform strategy which failed to deliver significant performance gains in the 1970s, Thatcher's policies appear to have done the trick (Metcalf 1989). The potent combination of rising unemployment, tougher labor laws, privatization, and deregulation allegedly gave birth to 'new' industrial relations practices in the workplace and a corresponding improvement in productivity and competitiveness. The analysis which follows challenges this perspective. It argues that the system of industrial relations and employment regulation which came to dominate key sectors of the economy after 1945 was not conducive to industrial modernization: not, it should be stressed, for the reasons cited by proponents of the conventional wisdom, but because the trade unions and other regulatory mechanisms were too weak to force firms to abandon progressively outmoded business practices. The presence of a relatively cheap, disposable, and malleable labor force inhibited the emergence of high wage, high productivity growth strategies and helped entrench a relatively low wage, low productivity industrial system from which it is now proving difficult to escape. There is also a second sense, which concerns the academic study of industrial relations and its relationship to economics. Much more so than in other European countries and the United States, there has been a sharp demarcation line in Britain between the study of the institutions of job regulation and the study of their economic consequences. This may seem an academic point, but it is not without consequence, for this unwelcome division of academic labor has served to impede theoretical innovation and entrench established ideas, particularly the conventional wisdom. It is relatively uncontroversial to note that in the three decades after 1945 British industrial performance exhibited significant deficiencies as compared to other leading capitalist economies. Relevant performance measures in this context include output and productivity growth rates, the balance of trade, and investment in technology, plant, and people. The evidence of British underperformance is most striking in the case of manufacturing. Comparisons of output and productivity movements across time, sectors, and countries are fraught with measurement problems (Nolan and O'Donnell 1995). Nevertheless, the evidence--whatever its shortcomings-reveals a substantial and enduring shortfall between Britain's record and that of other leading economies. Fig. 5.1 charts the movements in manufacturing output and exposes a significant and growing gap between Britain and the other countries. For the period shown, domestic output has remained more or less stagnant.  Ã‚  

The Pythagorean Theorem Essay Example for Free

The Pythagorean Theorem Essay The Pythagorean Theorem (Proof): James Garfield (1876), later president of the United States, while serving in the House of Representatives, discovered the proof of the Pythagorean Theorem, using trapezoid. Suppose, trapezoid bases are ‘a’ and ‘b’ and height (altitude) is equal to ‘(a+b)’. Therefore, Area of the trapezoid = In addition, as shown in figure, trapezoid consists of three triangles 1, 2, and 3. Combined Area of Triangles 1, 2, and 3 = Since, combined area of triangles is equal to trapezoid area, therefore, A real-world application problem: A real world application example of the Pythagorean Theorem is designing of a ramp for disable persons. Question: Assume that ramp height is 15 feet and suggested ratio (i.e. slope) for designing of ramp for disable person is approximately 1/12 (given). Calculate ramp length. The ramp length can be calculated as follows: Length of base of ramp = 15*12 = 180 feet. Using Pythagorean Theorem, Length of ramp = = =≈ 180.624 feet    Reference: Weisstein, Eric W. Pythagorean Theorem. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PythagoreanTheorem.html

Does Damage To The Environment Pose Security Threat Politics Essay

Does Damage To The Environment Pose Security Threat Politics Essay Traditionally the focus of security studies has been on the military and states, however with the end of the cold war focus began to shift to other security issues which had previously been neglected. The environment began to rise on the international political agenda, and numerous studies have been conducted to assess the impact environmental change can have on security. However, there is still no firm consensus on the impact it has. In fact, there is no real consensus on the meaning of security either, thus making this assessment problematic. The aim here is to establish whether damage to the environment poses a threat to security, and, if so, in what ways. This essay will start with a short analysis of what  constitutes an environmental problem, and the extent to which damage to it is a security issue at all, by introducing the ongoing debate surrounding the importance of environment on the security agenda (Neo-Malthusian vs. Cornucopian); Then I will present the two opposing vi ews regarding the focus of security studies (National Security vs. Human Security). This will be followed by an assessment of the different ways damage to the environment poses a security threat, both in terms of National Security and Human Security. I will conclude with a summary of the issue and my own perspective. The Environment and Security An environmental problem is a change of state in the physical environment which is brought about by human interference with the physical environment, and has effects which society deems unacceptable in the light of its shared norms  [1]  . Human behaviour is generating CO2 which appears to result in depletion of the ozone layer. This causes overheating of the Earths surface which is passed on to overheating of the core which is triggering increased tectonic activity which results in volcanic activity, earthquakes, tsunamis and the resultant problems including radioactivity. This eventually puts undue pressure on food supplies and other resources. However, there is an ongoing debate within the environmental security literature as to the importance of environmental problems and whether they should be considered a security issue. The neo Malthusian approach attempts to highlight the dangers of population growth outstripping food production. Arguably this would lead to a competition for resources, and ultimately cause conflict and possibly war, thus creating a security issue  [2]  . Cornucopians, or Promethians, believe that Neo-Malthusians exaggerate problem and that their pessimistic view is unnecessary because human beings will devise solutions to environmental challenges and that there is, in reality, an infinite supply of natural resources.  [3]  For the purpose of this essay we shall assume that environment is a security issue, not necessarily in the traditional sense of what constitutes a security issue, but indeed for a variety of reasons, which are often excluded or ignored. The term security is taken generally to mean the protection of people against violence, or the defence against all forms of insecurity; this includes economic and environmental insecurity. Analysts have focused traditionally on the challenges posed by war and belligerence, but today the area of interest has expanded. The UN Secretary-Generals High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change categorised the threats facing the world currently, and along with terrorism, transnational organised crime and WMDs, the panel included economic and social threats including poverty, disease, and environmental degradation  [4]  . Some would argue that environmental change becomes a threat when it endangers national security, others when it threatens human welfare. NATO adheres to the former, but this maybe is to be expected given its state-centric, military approach; whereas the United Nations is more a humanitarian organisation, and subscribes to the latter. Whichever, the environment is regarded increasingly as both a human and an international security issue, albeit for somewhat different reasons. While the focus of security has historically been on people  [5]  , with the development of academic International Relations (IR), it fell on the State, and the concept of national interest emerged. This is linked to the realist approach to International Relations, in which the interests of the State come first with the protection of national interests being vital  [6]  . In this view security is closely related to military power; therefore a strong Armed Forces is necessary if the State is to be protected from threats. Walker and Loader maintain that the State-centric approach is still dominant within international relations practice, characterised by an enduring attachment to the nation as the main actor in global politics. According to Page, the traditional focus of work on security has been on the investigation of military threats to the territorial integrity of a given state that arise either externally (military activity from another state) or internally (from subversiv e, and generally violent, activities of terrorist groups).  [7]   After 1989, and the subsequent improvement in relations between NATO and the former USSR, conventional understandings of security became less relevant. Simultaneously, humanitarian concerns were increasingly coming to the fore of national and international politics and policy  [8]  . This review of the concept of security led many to believe that the focus should not be on states but on people, and the welfare of humans. In 1995 a UN report stated too often in the past, preserving the security of the state has been used an excuse for policies that undermined the security of people  [9]  . The concept of human security is embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human rights adopted by the UN in 1948. The Declaration states that everyone has the right to life, liberty and personal security. Human security means safety from the constant threats of hunger, disease, crime and repression, and protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of our daily lives-whether in our homes, jobs, communities or environment  [10]  . Writing in 1989, Mathews argued for a broadening definition of national security to include resource, environmental and demographic issues  [11]  , claiming that environmental protection and national security are inseparable. In 1997 Buzan wrote about broadening the concept of security, to include human and environmental security  [12]  , whereas Kaplans article, The Coming Anarchy, centred on the role of environmental degradation and anarchy, and marked a decided elevation of the environment and security debate  [13]  . Environmental security poses a threat if national security is undermined Many traditionalists may find it hard to connect environmental issues to security. However, some would argue that environmental issues can become a security issue when national security is threatened. Environmental degradation leads to the depletion of resources and competition for the remaining resources can create conflict, which may in some cases lead to war, thereby undermining national security. This is a popular assumption in the security literature  [14]  . Ullman argues that resource conflict is at the root of most violent conflicts in history  [15]  . After a decade of research into the connection between environmental scarcity and violent conflict, Thomas Homer-Dixon reached the conclusion that environmental scarcity can contribute to violence and ethnic clashes, and these incidents will probably increase as scarcities of cropland, freshwater and forest worsen  [16]  . However, there are other issues to consider also. The most important disputed issue in past violent conflicts has been territory, and if climate change and rising sea levels lead to diminished land area, this can lead to conflict. For example, a 45 cm rise in sea-level will potentially result in a loss of 10.9% of Bangladeshs territory, forcing over 5 million people to relocate  [17]  . Furthermore, measures implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will also incur costs, which could be damaging to the national economy. Goldstone argues that some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, already demonstrate certain characteristics conducive to political unrest, and the situation may intensify as a result of implementation of the Kyoto Protocol  [18]  . Some observe that environmental changes lead to migration, which in turn can lead to conflict in the host nation. However, as Goldstone observes, the crucial element is not migration per seWhat appears to matter for conflict are those cases wherein migration leads to clashes of national identity  [19]  . Therefore it is less the movement of people and more the social and political responses to that movement that matters most in conflicts in which immigration is a factor  [20]  . Nevertheless, climate-related conflicts are most likely to occur as a result of migration  [21]  . As soils are degraded, clean water supplies are depleted, infrastructure is damaged and lives are lost, migration may seem like the best solution for many people. Rises in sea-level may also induce large scale migration in the longer-term. For example, with the predicted rise in sea-level, people living on the Ganges Delta in Bangladesh will be forced to relocate. Some may move inland, but many more may move to neighbouring India and Pakistan and previous migration of this kind has been a factor in violence in the region  [22]  . According to both Elliot and Homer-Dixon, environmental change can lead to conflict when it interacts with other social, economic, political and cultural factors which reduce stability in a given domain  [23]  . In fact, these other aspects seem to be far more important factors affecting the likelihood of violent conflict. For example, stable democracies with a high level of development also seem to experience a lower rate of violent conflict. Damage to the environment poses a security threat if human security is threatened While the majority of studies of environmental security focus on the way environmental change may impact national security, others would argue that this concern is misplaced  [24]  . Global environmental change may, in some cases lead to violent conflict, but it may also have a significant impact on human security or welfare. Insufficient access to safe water resources and inadequate food supply are detrimental to human security  [25]  . Furthermore, according to Smil, environmental security has become a htreat similar to that of global nuclear warfare as it shares two characteristics: both are global in reach and the effects of both could be highly devastating  [26]  . Although the impact of climate change can be felt in many ways, either directly or indirectly, there are a number of ways in which human security will be harmed by manmade environmental change. In the UNDP report of Human Development of 1995 it was stated that environmental degradation poses a major threat to human security. As many as 70,000 square kilometres of farmland are abandoned each year as a result of degradation, and about 4 million hectares of rain-fed cropland are lost annually to soil erosion  [27]  . The planet is currently going through a period of change; temperatures are rising, causing a melting of the ice caps, which in turn brings about a rise in water levels. Most of the observed temperature increase has been caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which result from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation. The Climate Change induced rise in sea level will deeply impact coastal areas and islands. It will bring about increased salinity of fresh water and increased flooding. Flooding puts 45 million people a year at risk due to storm surges. A 50cm rise in sea level would increase this number to about 92 million  [28]  . However, the rise in temperatures also provokes prolonged droughts, leading to desertification and severely impacting already vulnerable areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa and some parts of Southern Asia. There are also health impacts connected to the increased intensity and duration of heat waves. (eg. Malari a, yellow fever, dengue). Infectious diseases are currently the worlds leading cause of death, killing nearly 17 million people a year  [29]  . Climate change also impacts agriculture and the subsequent availability of food. The food crisis of the mid 1970s sparked a detailed analysis into the relationship between hunger, famine and environmental causes, such as drought, flooding and land degradation.  [30]  It is now well recognised that such events can tip already vulnerable local societies into acute distress. Almost 800 million people in the developing world do not have enough to eat, and a further 3 million in the industrialised countries and economies in transition also suffer from chronic food insecurity  [31]  . Poor or insufficient nutrition can eventually lead to sever health problems such as gastro-intestinal infections, measles and malaria  [32]  . In discussions of the possible links between environment and security we often find reference to water. It is essential to human survival, has value in economic terms, and sometimes strategic significance. Nonetheless, in 1999 it was reported that 20% of the worlds population already lacks access to safe drinking water  [33]  . Water pollution can be extremely harmful both in terms of health and economy; not only does it further reduce the availability of clean drinking water, but it could also cause extensive damage to marine life and severely hurt the economy, as we saw in the 2010 BP oil spill  [34]  . At the P-7 conference in 2000, delegates from the poorest nations gathered and called for water to be treated as a fundamental human right, not as a market commodity  [35]  . Not only does water scarcity lead to health issues, a human security issue, but it also can lead to violent conflict if nations are in competition over the resource, thus becoming a national securit y issue. Indeed, damage to, or degradation of, the environment results in resource depletion which, on the one hand, causes civil unrest, leading to conflict, while, on the other, causes famine and illness, threatening human security, or welfare. Conclusion Traditionally the term Security was used to mean State Security, but with the fall of the Soviet Union security studies has expanded to include other threats including environmental damage. However, so far, emphasis has been placed on environmental change as cause of violent conflict, due to competition over resources or territory, but there are other possible implications, such as the effect it has on Human Security. To understand environmental damage as a security threat- in that it poses a threat to human security or welfare- we must move away from the traditional view that security is a state-centric, military led, affair. While it may be true that environmental damage can lead to conflict, albeit in conjunction with other factors, we should also be looking at how damage to the environment affects people. As mentioned in the UNDP in 1994, Human security is not a concern with weapons it is a concern with human life and dignity  [36]  . Everyone has the right to live a life fr ee from insecurity. It can be argued that environmental damage is a constant security issue for some nation-states, communities and individuals. Not only can it lead to violent conflict, and threaten national security but it can also threaten human life and welfare. Some damage, such as climate change, poses cultural, health, and life-threatening risks comparable to the impact of warfare. We often see security threats as those which come from other states, involve the military and concern national security; however, environmental damage can become a threat to security, indeed, for many states it can be the most serious security problem that these countries face, because it directly threatens their life and their wellbeing.

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications Locomotor PBL Experiment Writeup Introduction In this PBL, we observe a case of biceps tendon rupture with post-operative complication of heterotopic ossification. We will first go through the anatomy of the upper limb followed by a discussion of the ruptured biceps tendon, heterotopic ossification and finally mode of action of indomethacin. Learning Objectives 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist 2. The neurovascular supply to the upper limb 3. Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. 4. Rupture of distal biceps tendon 5. Heterotopic ossification 6. Mode of action of Indomethacin 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist Arm The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the arm region connecting the shoulder to the forearm. Proximally, the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming the glenohumeral joint. Distally the humerus articulates with the two bones of the forearm, the ulna and radius. The humerus is shown in more detail in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Humerus (1) For Anil’s case we will focus several prominent features on the distal region of the humerus which forms part of the elbow. There are two projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus which are the medial and lateral epicondyle. The medial epicondyle protects the ulnar nerve which passes just posteriorly and also serves as the attachment site for the forearm superficial flexor muscles. The lateral epicondyle conversely is the attachment site for the forearm extensor muscles. Anteriorly in between these two epicondyles are two articular surfaces: the round surfaced lateral capitulum which articulates with the radius and the spool shaped medial trochlea which articulates with the ulna. Also anteriorly, the radial fossa directly above the capitulum accommodates the head of the radius during flexion of the elbow whereas the coronoid fossa directly above the trochlea accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the elbow. Both the radial and coronoi d fossa limit flexion of the elbow. Posteriorly, the olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension of the elbow. The olecranon fossa prevents hyperextension of the elbow. Forearm The forearm is made up of two bones: ulna and radius. Proximally both of these bones articulate with the humerus whereas distally only the radius directly articulates with the carpals of the wrist thus connecting the arm to the wrist. The ulna and radius are shown in figure 2 below. Figure 2 Radius and Ulna (1) The ulna The ulna is the stabilizing bone of the forearm and is medial and longer of the two bones. There is a projection anteriorly at the proximal end called the coronoid process which fits into the coronoid fossa during elbow extension. Posteriorly on the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon process (which forms the prominence of the elbow) which fits into the olecranon fossa during elbow extension. The articular surface between the olecranon and the coronoid articulates with the trochlear of the humerus and gives the movements of elbow extension and flexion. The radius The radius is the lateral and shorter of the two bones. The head of the radius is a flat button shaped process that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The neck of the radius is a constriction just distal to the head which Anil has fractured. Due to the fact that no neurovascular problems were found, it is safe to conclude that the deep branch of the radial nerve was not damaged in this case. The radial tuberosity is distal to the neck on the anterior site which is the attachment point for the tendon of biceps. Wrist The ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones of the wrist distally. There is an articular disc between the smaller distal head of the ulna and the carpal bones. The radius directly articulates with the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones on its larger distal end. This is shown in figure 3 below. Figure 3 Wrist joint (1) 2 The neurovascular supply of the upper limb Arterial supply The upper limb is supplied by the subclavian artery which branches off from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and aortic arch on the left. The subclavian artery extends from its origin to the lateral border of the first rib. It then changes its name to the axillary artery which extends to the lateral border of teres major after which it becomes the brachial artery. The brachial artery extends to the cubital fossa of the elbow where it bifurcates into the radial and ulnar artery which run down the lateral and medial side of the forearm respectively. These two arteries anastomose in the palm of the hand forming the superficial (mainly supplied by ulnar artery) and deep (mainly supplied by radial artery) palmar arches. The fingers are supplied by the digital arteries branching from the palmar arches. The arterial supply is illustrated in figure 4 below. Figure 4 Arterial supply of upper limb (2) Venous supply There are two main types of veins in the upper limb. Firstly, superficial veins which can be seen subcutaneously. There are three main superficial veins which are the cephalic (laterally), basilic (medially) and median cubital (connection between cephalic and basilica at the cubital fossa) veins. The superficial veins are shown in figure 5 below. Figure 5 Venous supply to upper limb (3) Secondly, there are deep veins which usually accompanies the arteries in pairs and have the same name as the arteries. Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep veins to allow blood to always find a way back to the heart. All the veins eventually drains into the axillary vein, then to the subclavian vein, then brachiocephalic vein and finally into the heart via superior vena cava. Nervous supply The brachial plexus serves as the nerve supply for the upper limb arising from spinal nerve roots from C5, 6, 7, 8 and T1. There are 5 terminal branches of the brachial plexus in the arm. Table 1 below shows the five terminal nerves with their corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test. Table 1 Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test (4) 3 Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. The elbow consists of three joints: the humeroulnar joint from the trochlear notch of the ulnar to trochlear of humerus, the humeroradial joint from the head of the radius to the capitulum of humerus and the superior radioulnar joint from the head of the radius to the radial notch of the ulna. The humeroulnar and humeroradial joints allow for flexion and extension of the elbow whereas the superior radioulnar joint allows for pronation and supination. This happens when the head of the radius which is enclosed in annular ligament crosses over the fixed ulna bone. The muscles that move the elbow are shown in table 2 below: Table 2 Main muscles of elbow (5) Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist are shown in table 3 below: Table 3 Movements and ranges for elbow and wrist (6) 4 Rupture of distal biceps tendon Symptoms Symptoms include swelling in the front of the elbow, severe pain at the elbow and a bulge in the upper arm because of the shortened biceps brachii muscle. Since Anil shows no biceps tendon reflex upon assessment, this is likely to be a complete rupture of the tendon. Cause In this case, Anil is diagnosed to have ruptured his distal biceps tendon which attaches to the radial tuberosity. Distal biceps tendon rupture tends to be caused by a single traumatic event involving flexion of the elbow at a right angle against resistance. For Anil, the snapping of the rope caused his elbow to straighten suddenly. His biceps contracted extra hard to prevent this from happening but the extreme tension in his biceps and tendon led to the rupture of the distal biceps tendon. Treatment Since Anil is still relatively young at 38 years old and still needs full use of his upper limb, the surgical treatment option is most preferred. Sometimes the tendon is attached by stitching through holes made in the bone. However the surgery for Anil was done by attaching the tendon to the bone using a small metal plate and screws into the radius to secure the plate usually called the endobutton technique (7, 8) which has a very good prognosis of regaining full mobility in the elbow. Complications Complications after the surgery include nerve damage and heterotopic ossification. After eight weeks Anil returned with stiffness, difficulty in turning his hand over and wrist pain which the doctor diagnosed as heterotopic ossification after palpation of a firm mass along the biceps tendon. Direct intervention was not taken as the biceps tendon needed time to fully heal. 5 Heterotopic ossification Heterotopic ossification is the growth of bone in abnormal places such as soft tissue. Heterotopic ossification is a notable complication of distal biceps tendon repair. The current proposed pathogenesis of how heterotopic ossification arises is the transformation of pluripotential mesenchymal cells which are recruited to the fracture healing site into osteoblasts that results in ectopic bone formation. (9) Bone, tendons and ligaments which are all connective tissue all share the same mesenchymal stem cell origin (shown in figure 6) and thus mesenchymal stem cells recruited to promote tendon repair can differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts can also be pulled out of the bone when the tendon ruptures and therefore can lead to bone deposition. Hence great attention has been given to cleaning and irrigating the surgical zone. (10) Figure 6 Mesenchymal stem cells differentiation (11) The heterotopic ossification at the biceps tendon led to Anil having reduced supination to just 20Â ° due to the biceps being the main supinator muscle. After twenty weeks, the heterotopic ossification was surgically removed. Radiation therapy has been an established supplement in treatment of heterotopic ossification. (10, 12, 13) The mechanism of how radiation therapy works is still unclear but is thought to inhibit pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells from differentiating. (14) However, even though radiation therapy is effective, there has been concerns about malignancy from the radiation. Low doses ( 6 Mode of action of Indomethacin Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as Indomethacin are also commonly used to supplement surgical excision of heterotopic ossifications. (10, 13) Indomethacin non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX1 and COX 2) which are involved in the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. During the healing of a fracture, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes which is independent of COX-2. COX-2 then produces prostaglandins which cause the chondrocytes to hypertrophy. These hypertrophic cells secrete growth factors which cause angiogenesis, osteoclast recruitment, osteogenesis and fracture bridging which leads to bone deposition shown in figure 7 below. However NSAIDs have to be carefully prescribed especially with patients who have reflux diseases as NSAIDs can lead to ulcer formation. (19) Figure 7 Formation of bone via COX-2 and prostaglandins (20) In conclusion, more research has to be done into the pathophysiology of heterotopic ossification as well as selective drugs that only inhibit COX-2 so that NSAIDs can be safely prescribed even for patients who have reflux diseases. Bibliography 1.N. Marieb E, Hoehn K. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed: Pearson Education Inc; 2013. 2.Quizlet. BIO 1600 Chapter 13 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://quizlet.com/16204351/bio-1600-chapter-13-flash-cards/. 3.TeachMeAnatomy. Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/vasculature/veins/. 4.Wong You Jing J. Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test2015. 5.Wong You Jing J. Main muscles of elbow. 2015. 6.Wong You Jing J. Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist2015. 7.Bain GI, Prem H, Heptinstall RJ, Verhellen R, Paix D. Repair of distal biceps tendon rupture: a new technique using the Endobutton. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9(2):120-6. 8.Greenberg JA, Fernandez JJ, Wang T, Turner C. EndoButton-assisted repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12(5):484-90. 9.H. Hastings II, Grahamn TJ. The classification and treatment of heterotopic ossification about the elbow and forearm. Hand Clinics. 1994;10(3):417-37. 10.Ellerin BE, Helfet D, Parikh S, Hotchkiss RN, Levin N, Nisce L, et al. Current therapy in the management of heterotopic ossification of the elbow: a review with case studies. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;78(3):259-71. 11.Serotec A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://www.abdserotec.com/mesencyhmal-stem-cell-antibodies.html. 12.McAuliffe JA, Wolfson AH. Early excision of heterotopic ossification about the elbow followed by radiation therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(5):749-55. 13.Viola RW, Hastings H, 2nd. Treatment of ectopic ossification about the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000(370):65-86. 14.Ayers DC, Pellegrini VD, Jr., Evarts CM. Prevention of heterotopic ossification in high-risk patients by radiation therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991(263):87-93. 15.Brady LW. Radiation-induced sarcomas of bone. Skeletal Radiol. 1979;4(2):72-8. 16.Kim JH, Chu FC, Woodard HQ, Melamed MR, Huvos A, Cantin J. Radiation-induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma. Radiology. 1978;129(2):501-8. 17.Heyd R, Strassmann G, Schopohl B, Zamboglou N. Radiation therapy for the prevention of heterotopic ossification at the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(3):332-4. 18.Poggi MM, Thomas BE, Johnstone PA. Excision and radiotherapy for heterotopic ossification of the elbow. Orthopedics. 1999;22(11):1059-61. 19.Wallace JL. Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesnt the stomach digest itself? Physiol Rev. 2008;88(4):1547-65. 20.Robson L. Bone formation from Mesenchymal stem cells. 2015. 1

Technological Frontier :: essays research papers

America has been a country full of optimism, perseverance, and freedom of ideas and beliefs. The frontier- a mental or physical area where much remains to be done- is a belief that has and still propels and influences America today. The technological frontier is probably the most influenced by the frontier belief. There is always room for better in technology. The technological advancements in the past 50 years outnumber the amount advancements from the beginning of time up to 50 years ago. Technological advancements have made it easier to for humans to live and adapt to their universe. Technology has expanded exponentially from the beginning of time until the 90's. In the 90's technological advancements have taken off at a higher exponential rate. For every frontier that appears to be complete, a new frontier has opened up and is unsolved. The frontier consists of branches that have branches themselves, resembling a tree. The frontier is far from ending, if there is an ending. Duri ng this rapid technological advancement period where we are trying to fulfill that long-term, near perfect technology, there have been short-term constraints in technology that have and will continue to open new branches in technology. Engineers have been trained to discover new technologies that enhance human life by designing new products and things that make life easier and safer for everyone. Engineers are obligated to use their skills, intelligence and apply their knowledge to promote human welfare. An example of this has been the advancement of communications. Instead of sending a letter to a family member or loved one by pony express, now one can send mail in just seconds through e-mail. This technological advancement makes it easier and better to communicate that is satisfying to humans. These advancements in the long term will have small constraints, but in the short term there're broader constraints and limits. Email about five years ago could only be accessed through internet service providers such as: AOL, Prodigy, CompuServe, TexasNet, and institution accounts. Now email can be retrieved and sent over the internet without having these big name internet service providers. There are now services like Yah oo, Hotmail, Rocketmail, and Juno that offer free email accounts over the web for any one. Within the past few years, technology has allowed email users to send voice and video emails, which was impossible before. Email still has delays ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes when you send your email over the internet.

Sleep Deprivation And Business :: essays research papers

In this age of increased technology and globalization enormous stress is being placed upon the business traveler. In order to stay competitive, business executives must commit to brutal schedules and frequent travels. Increasingly, business travelers are relying upon air travel as their primary form of transportation. This constant movement through different time zones is exhausting and can lead to jet lag. 'Technically called circadian dysrythmia, jet lag is a disruption of the body's intricate biological inner-sleep cycle caused by crossing multiple time zones quickly.'; The mental and physical ramifications of jet lag can be detrimental and potentially dangerous to the individual's health. According to the National Transportation Safety Board, 'Fatigue is the No.1 factor that detrimentally impacts the ability of pilots.'; Footy ' According to a PBS television documentary 'Sleep Alert,'; a Boeing 747 captain noted:'; It is not unusual for me to fall asleep in the cockpit, wake up t wenty minutes later and find the other two crew members totally asleep.';footy In another report, 'A Boeing 757 captain told how his forehead hit the control column on his approach to New York's Kennedy Airport as the need for sleep became overwhelming.';footy Of course, the consequences of sleep deprivation in most cases will not be as severe as the in previous examples, but it does illustrate the importance sleep plays in job performance. The lodging facility of the traveler is in the best position to reduce and alleviate the negative affects of jet lag. In order to provide the best possible service to the guest, hotels will be forced to recognize this problem and create solutions for it. As it stands right now, the best solution to this problem is education. Recognizing the symptoms of jet lag is the first step in the education process. In his book, Power Sleep, Dr. James Maas of Cornell University describes the symptoms of jet lag as follows. Daytime Sleepiness. Ninety percent of travelers report experiencing daytime fatigue and sleepiness. If you give in to the urge to sleep during the day at your destination, you may not be tired enough to sleep at bedtime. Insomnia. The next most common symptom of jet lag is insomnia. You experience difficulty falling asleep at night. Once you do get to sleep you'll have less deep sleep and less REM sleep. The nights sleep is often fragmented by frequent awakenings. Poor Concentration. More than two thirds of air travelers report having poor concentration, or in severe cases of jet lag, temporary amnesia.

Mental Health Counseling Essay -- essays research papers

Mental health counselors work with individuals, families, and groups to address and treat mental and emotional disorders and to promote mental health. They are trained to address a wide range of issues, including depression, addiction and substance abuse, suicidal impulses, stress management, problems with self-esteem, issues associated with aging, job and career concerns, educational decisions, issues related to mental and emotional health, and family, parenting, and marital or other relationship problems. Mental health counselors often work closely with other mental health specialists, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical social workers, psychiatric nurses, and school counselors. (US Department of Labor)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To be a licensed mental health counselor a person must have a Masters Degree in counseling or other related field. The program must consist of 60 semester hours and 1000 hours of university sponsored clinical or internship experience. The degree program should be certified by CACREP. A CACREP certified program insures that the program meets examination requirements for licensure. Once completed, one must have two years of supervision and pass national or state examinations to obtain licensure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Licensed mental health counselors have many ethical and legal issues dealing with interacting with clients in a way that leaves them in a better place. It is crucial that counselors act within the b...

Othello

In the play Othello Ago states his anger towards Moor Othello to Ordering. His anger Is justified by Othello having promoted a man named Michael Cassia to a rank above him and Ago gives the notion that his wife had an affair with Othello. For these reasons Ago manipulated the people around him to the point where each could not tell the truth from the lies. Ago was able to solidify his web of deceit from flaws In their character in order to create success. Ago has always held a grudge towards Michael Cassia for stealing the Job he wanted.Michael Cassia has but one flaw that of which is drinking. At a party to honor the Moor's marriage and the victory of war Ago highlights this flaw. With the words â€Å"If I can fasten but one cup upon him, With that which he hath drunk tonight already†¦ (Shakespeare 45)† Ago gets Cassia drunk. Cassia Is not the only person to have their flaws exploited. Ago uses his wife's flaws marriage and attraction to get control over her. Email says â€Å"My wayward husband hath a hundred times Who'd me to steal It†¦ Shakespeare 65)† as she steals token of love from Toeholds wife Desman that Othello had given her. These are lust some of the flaws Ago exploited in his journey to get what he wanted. Getting Cassia drunk led to him getting into a fight at the party with which Othello walked in on. Sago's plan gained success from this incidence by Othello words â€Å"l love thee; But never more be officer of mine†¦ (Shakespeare 51)†. No longer is Cassia in the job that Ago had been passed over for. But, this victory does not stop Ago; he desires blood.Although, he does not Just want Cassia to die but also his Supposed' reined Ordering as well. Ago however says â€Å"Now whether he kill Cassia, Or Cassia him, or each do kill the other, Every way makes my gain†¦ (Shakespeare 97)†. This illustrates that he does not care which of them dies for either way he will gain success. In the end Sago's plan i s a success even after all the lies and manipulations have been brought to light. He managed to get all of his enemies killed except for the person he wanted from the very beginning: Michael Cassia.Who in the end of the play Othello would be in charge of the punishment imposed upon him. Ago prevailed by harboring what makes each person weak and then using that weakness against them. Othello By Muslim is Justified by Othello having promoted a man named Michael Cassia to a rank above tell the truth from the lies. Ago was able to solidify his web of deceit from flaws in drunk. Cassia is not the only person to have their flaws exploited. Ago uses his wife's flaws marriage and attraction to get control over her. Emilie says â€Å"My wayward husband hath a hundred times Who'd me to steal it†¦ Shakespeare 65)† as she steals token of love from Othello wife Desman that Othello had given her. These are just some of the flaws Ago exploited in his Journey to get what he wanted. Gett ing Cassia drunk led to him getting into a fight at the party with which Othello walked in on. Lagos plan gained success from this incidence by Othello words â€Å"l love the Job that Ago had been passed over for. But, this victory does not stop Ago; he desires blood. Although, he does not Just want Cassia to die but also his ‘supposed' In the end Lagos plan is a success even after all the lies and manipulations have Othello In the play Othello Ago states his anger towards Moor Othello to Ordering. His anger Is justified by Othello having promoted a man named Michael Cassia to a rank above him and Ago gives the notion that his wife had an affair with Othello. For these reasons Ago manipulated the people around him to the point where each could not tell the truth from the lies. Ago was able to solidify his web of deceit from flaws In their character in order to create success. Ago has always held a grudge towards Michael Cassia for stealing the Job he wanted.Michael Cassia has but one flaw that of which is drinking. At a party to honor the Moor's marriage and the victory of war Ago highlights this flaw. With the words â€Å"If I can fasten but one cup upon him, With that which he hath drunk tonight already†¦ (Shakespeare 45)† Ago gets Cassia drunk. Cassia Is not the only person to have their flaws exploited. Ago uses his wife's flaws marriage and attraction to get control over her. Email says â€Å"My wayward husband hath a hundred times Who'd me to steal It†¦ Shakespeare 65)† as she steals token of love from Toeholds wife Desman that Othello had given her. These are lust some of the flaws Ago exploited in his journey to get what he wanted. Getting Cassia drunk led to him getting into a fight at the party with which Othello walked in on. Sago's plan gained success from this incidence by Othello words â€Å"l love thee; But never more be officer of mine†¦ (Shakespeare 51)†. No longer is Cassia in the job that Ago had been passed over for. But, this victory does not stop Ago; he desires blood.Although, he does not Just want Cassia to die but also his Supposed' reined Ordering as well. Ago however says â€Å"Now whether he kill Cassia, Or Cassia him, or each do kill the other, Every way makes my gain†¦ (Shakespeare 97)†. This illustrates that he does not care which of them dies for either way he will gain success. In the end Sago's plan i s a success even after all the lies and manipulations have been brought to light. He managed to get all of his enemies killed except for the person he wanted from the very beginning: Michael Cassia.Who in the end of the play Othello would be in charge of the punishment imposed upon him. Ago prevailed by harboring what makes each person weak and then using that weakness against them. Othello By Muslim is Justified by Othello having promoted a man named Michael Cassia to a rank above tell the truth from the lies. Ago was able to solidify his web of deceit from flaws in drunk. Cassia is not the only person to have their flaws exploited. Ago uses his wife's flaws marriage and attraction to get control over her. Emilie says â€Å"My wayward husband hath a hundred times Who'd me to steal it†¦ Shakespeare 65)† as she steals token of love from Othello wife Desman that Othello had given her. These are just some of the flaws Ago exploited in his Journey to get what he wanted. Gett ing Cassia drunk led to him getting into a fight at the party with which Othello walked in on. Lagos plan gained success from this incidence by Othello words â€Å"l love the Job that Ago had been passed over for. But, this victory does not stop Ago; he desires blood. Although, he does not Just want Cassia to die but also his ‘supposed' In the end Lagos plan is a success even after all the lies and manipulations have Othello In the play Othello Ago states his anger towards Moor Othello to Ordering. His anger Is justified by Othello having promoted a man named Michael Cassia to a rank above him and Ago gives the notion that his wife had an affair with Othello. For these reasons Ago manipulated the people around him to the point where each could not tell the truth from the lies. Ago was able to solidify his web of deceit from flaws In their character in order to create success. Ago has always held a grudge towards Michael Cassia for stealing the Job he wanted.Michael Cassia has but one flaw that of which is drinking. At a party to honor the Moor's marriage and the victory of war Ago highlights this flaw. With the words â€Å"If I can fasten but one cup upon him, With that which he hath drunk tonight already†¦ (Shakespeare 45)† Ago gets Cassia drunk. Cassia Is not the only person to have their flaws exploited. Ago uses his wife's flaws marriage and attraction to get control over her. Email says â€Å"My wayward husband hath a hundred times Who'd me to steal It†¦ Shakespeare 65)† as she steals token of love from Toeholds wife Desman that Othello had given her. These are lust some of the flaws Ago exploited in his journey to get what he wanted. Getting Cassia drunk led to him getting into a fight at the party with which Othello walked in on. Sago's plan gained success from this incidence by Othello words â€Å"l love thee; But never more be officer of mine†¦ (Shakespeare 51)†. No longer is Cassia in the job that Ago had been passed over for. But, this victory does not stop Ago; he desires blood.Although, he does not Just want Cassia to die but also his Supposed' reined Ordering as well. Ago however says â€Å"Now whether he kill Cassia, Or Cassia him, or each do kill the other, Every way makes my gain†¦ (Shakespeare 97)†. This illustrates that he does not care which of them dies for either way he will gain success. In the end Sago's plan i s a success even after all the lies and manipulations have been brought to light. He managed to get all of his enemies killed except for the person he wanted from the very beginning: Michael Cassia.Who in the end of the play Othello would be in charge of the punishment imposed upon him. Ago prevailed by harboring what makes each person weak and then using that weakness against them. Othello By Muslim is Justified by Othello having promoted a man named Michael Cassia to a rank above tell the truth from the lies. Ago was able to solidify his web of deceit from flaws in drunk. Cassia is not the only person to have their flaws exploited. Ago uses his wife's flaws marriage and attraction to get control over her. Emilie says â€Å"My wayward husband hath a hundred times Who'd me to steal it†¦ Shakespeare 65)† as she steals token of love from Othello wife Desman that Othello had given her. These are just some of the flaws Ago exploited in his Journey to get what he wanted. Gett ing Cassia drunk led to him getting into a fight at the party with which Othello walked in on. Lagos plan gained success from this incidence by Othello words â€Å"l love the Job that Ago had been passed over for. But, this victory does not stop Ago; he desires blood. Although, he does not Just want Cassia to die but also his ‘supposed' In the end Lagos plan is a success even after all the lies and manipulations have

Explain The Features Of Romanticism In

Explain the features of Romanticism in architecture. In what ways did this differ from the Classical in terms of both style and philosophy? Romanticism also called The Picturesque Style. Romanticism began in the asses and lasted through the asses, Romanticism is largely a movement that grew out of the lingering effects of the revolt against aristocratic rule that began with the French Revolution (Palmer, 10 Junk 2011). This essays will analyses both Romanticism and Classicism differences, it will also analyses the style of Romanticism and begin to explain what is represented by this movement.From this essays, the features of Romanticism will be uncovered. Romanticism was thought to represents strong emotion and expressed spiritual and religious beliefs. Romanticism in art is traditionally understood in terms of its culture context, its philosophical ideas, and it types of sources, while a characterization of its style remains elusive (Palmer, 10 Junk 2011). The period of Romanticism architecture in a not so progressive manner, they believe nature and God had become one, and wisdom, history, and mythical intrigue influenced how people viewed life and inconformity.Romanticism is often associated with allegory. It is as though the pavement has hidden meanings expressing beauty and strangeness. In general, romantic style often using asymmetrical organization and avoid using the geometrical arrangement. The style was very fanciful and truly exaggerated with a wide selection of beautiful designs which include incommoding, paintings and other materials. Despite the fascination of Romantic with nature and the universe and their interest in changing society with their newfound individualism, they liked to remember the beauty of the Gothic style.This nostalgic view of the past grew as their hope for better everything and mystic influences later portrayed in art and literature rated a visual awakening for many. The Romantic architecture setting which aimed to stress the i mportance of nature with grand castles and extremely decorative towers based upon medieval cathedrals. This architectural style consisted of grandiose and sometimes overwhelming details. Its asymmetrical structure and vertical framings added heights and majestic facades to buildings of all sizes. Gargoyles, circulations, spires, and window frames were added to small churches and public facilities.Buildings during this time represented eccentric natural expression beauty, the bigger and more decorative the better. Romanticism in architecture became very popular, especially with aristocracy, this being the reason why many rich people begun to alter their homes. The most famous is William Beckoned, an English Novelist who was born in Fontanel, Wiltshire (Backwardness. Com, 2014). He was a huge fan of romanticism architecture style. He employed an architect called James Wyatt to design Fontanel Abbey; Fontanel Abbey was a huge 520 acre estate on which a rather eccentric gothic style cas tle or cathedral was completed in 1807.Fontanel Abbey a country house with a tower 270 feet high (Million, 2011). Besides that, there is another famous Romantic Architecture trademark. It is Walpole Strawberry Hill castle. Horace Walpole, Britain's first Prime Minister, hired Johann Heimlich Mount built Strawberry Hill to house his vast collection of treasures. In creating Strawberry Hill, Walpole inspired a new fashion for gothic in both architecture and literature (Extraterritoriality. Org. UK, 2014). Horace Walpole mentioned ‘It was built to please my own taste, and in some degree to realism my own visions. Strawberry Hill took many of the decorative elements of exterior medieval Gothic and moved them to the interior of the house (Ross, 2014). There is so many famous architect and designer on Romantic period such as John Nash. Nash were hired by Prince Regent, for ideas on developing the farmland called Marrowbone Park and surrounding areas. After that, Prince Regent asked Nash remodeling Brighton Pavilion into a palace. Nash begin with Indian design, and as work progressed, incorporating further Eastern design elements. The result has been called â€Å"Indian Gothic with a flavor of Chinese† (Hardwood, 1993).Sir Charles Barry, one of the architects of Gothic Revival in England. In 1836, Barry won the contest of designing a new Houses of Parliament building, also called Westminster Palace (Encyclopedia Britannic, 2013). John Risking rebelled against classical architecture and the society of his time in general. Although not bold enough to admit his true opinions true his writings, his studies on medieval architecture became some of the most influential in the rise Gothic building. His most memorable influence was the Oxford Museum of Natural History (Lancaster. C. UK, 2014). In addition, A. W. N Puking, the architect, writer and theorist, had an enormous influence upon architecture and design into the mantic period. His conversion to Catholicis m and his advocacy for a ‘correct' form of Gothic architecture that reflected faith. His publications influenced small churches, cathedrals, and institutions. Furthermore, the Gothic Revival movement could be said to begin in Britain, France also experienced an architectural awakening as many Romantics traveled to Paris to search for inspiration.After France's De Christianization, many looked back to the middle Ages as true Christian era. Thus began a period of preservation of their old buildings in the midst of their Restoration period (Perez. Com, 2014). Prosper Merrier is French dramatist, historian and archaeologist. His pessimistic Romanticism and writings on mysticism, as well as his interest in the unknown made him responsible for the preservation of many Gothic buildings. He is well known as a Gothic architectural inspector (and. Com, 2014). Classicism dates back to 1700 A. D.This particular style was very popular with the Romans and inspired by the Ancient Greeks. Cla ssical buildings are often thought to symbolism architecture of great importance such as town halls, banks or chapels. The classicism architecture represents symmetry, geometry, simplicity, harmony and hemolytic solidity. This is much more different with Romanticism architecture. The detail of the stonework was developed greatly after Romans discovered bricks and concrete which enabled them to customize the aesthetics and properties of their towns and cities (lugubriousness's. Org. UK, 2014).Classicism can usually be identified by the following characteristics, the posts and lintels which stand proud across the entrance. The Roman arch is also regarded as a primary characteristics of classical architecture, due to efforts by the Roman arches were able to be wider panned and still with stand the weight of the stone and maintaining a strong structure over which an enormous dome acted as roof (Sober, 2014) . There are many examples of classical architecture such as basilica, Amphitheat re and triumph arches. A perfect example of Classicism Architecture would be The Pantheon.The Pantheon is known to be one of the greatest spiritual buildings in the period. The grand entrance is emphasized by the Corinthian capitals used to support the concrete lintel above. This magnificent building incorporates the three main characteristics of classicism; the post, lintel, dome and the archways (dialogues. It, 014). Neo-classicism architecture developed greatly in the late 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and America, it emphasized a return to the Classical period to align the rules and principals of Classicism.Neoclassicism was born out of a rejection of the Rocco and late Baroque style in the middle of 18th century. Neo classicism suggested that man could be perfect nature through science. Neoclassicism has many symmetrical shape, tall columns that rise the full height of the building (Craven, 2014). Symmetrical Neoclassical buildings modeled after classical Greek temples were thought to symbolize principles of Justice and democracy. One of the most influential Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Palladian and Classical ideals when he drew architectural plans for the new nation, the United States (Craven, 2014).In both the Classicism and Romanticism style, it is fair to say that both forms and architecture are represent by such a grand scale and detailed stonework as well as being their recognized for their both decorative characteristics(Million, 2011). Moreover, Classicism thought of the world as having a rigid and stern structure, the Romanticism thought of the world as a place to express their ideas and believes. This had cause the style of architecture become so different. Classicism architecture was renowned for the levels of mathematics and science used. Education was the main philosophical for the design reason.Romanticism was played with the unseen, unreal and emotional style of nature and the elements to convey what the architect expe rienced or felt like expressing Classicism architecture is often built on town halls, banks, temple or chapels but Romanticism architecture is built on churches, cathedrals, and castles (Million, 2011). Again Classicism architecture got three strong characteristics such as the posts and lintels, dome and he arches but Romanticism architecture most common characteristic is its lifting of architectural elements from almost any source.In conclusion, grand changes were made between Classicism and Romanticism architecture. Many changes occurred throughout the design movement in both style and philosophy. The classicism philosophies altered from mathematics, education and symbolic state and the romanticism style represents the expression, drama and emotion with spiritual and religious meaning. Design and style is widely evolved from simplistic symmetrical, geometry to asymmetrical creative and ‘picturesque' beauty. Bibliography Backwardness. Mom, (2014). The Beckoned Arms I History of William Beckoned, owner of Fontanel Estate, Disturb Wiltshire.